classification systems including validity and reliability

Question 1

what is a classification system

Answer 1

define clinical entitles
predict future couse of a particular disorder
help individal and family
tratment

Question 2

who was the DSM created by

Answer 2

The American Psychiatric Association

Question 3

how many DSMs have there been

Answer 3

7

Question 4

what does the DSM cover about mental dissorders

Answer 4

Mental disorders for all ages
Possible causes
Stats in terms of gender, age of onset, etc
Research concerning the optimal treatment approaches

Question 5

what is the mnemonic to remeber the axis’

Answer 5

Dad
Purchased
Most
Extraordinary
Glasses

Question 6

what is the first axis in the DSM IV

Answer 6

disorders

eg. anxiety and schizophrenia

Question 7

what is the second axis in the DSM IV

Answer 7

personality dissorders

Question 8

what is the thrid axis in the DSM IV

Answer 8

medical conditions

Question 9

what is the fourth axis in the DSM IV

Answer 9

environmental facors

Question 10

what is the fith axis in the DSM IV

Answer 10

Global assessment of functioning

Question 11

which axes are compulsory for diagnosis

Answer 11

the first 3

Question 12

who created the ICD

Answer 12

WHO

Question 13

what does the ICD include

Answer 13

A standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes.

Question 14

The ICD-10 contains 10 groups of mental disorders, give 3 examples.

Answer 14

1) Delusional disorders
2) Mood disorders
3) Clinical/personality disorders

Question 15

which section of the ICD includes mental disorders

Answer 15

category 5

Question 16

give five strength of the ICD

Answer 16

1) The ICD being produced by The WHO makes it available worldwide and so data is more comparable due to large scale
2) Multi-lingual makes it more generalisable to other cultures
3) Quick and specific treatments can be established
4) Covers all health conditions which may provide a more holistic view towards a mental disorder
5) Standardised procedure of 3 manuals and using digits to form diagnosis

Question 17

give 4 weaknesses of the ICD

Answer 17

1) Non-specific to mental disorders and so doesn’t go into as much detail as the DSM
2) Only updated every decade whereby new disorders can arise, leading to potential misdiagnosis due to outdated info
3) Doesn’t provide explanation for disorders and is only a descriptor of symptoms
4) Dependent on approach of clinician and so has issues with subjectivity and consistency

Question 18

give strengths of the DSM

Answer 18

1) standardization of diagnoses helps ensure that clients receive appropriate, helpful treatment regardless of location, social class, or ability to pay
2) helps giuide what treatment should be given
3) helps guide research

Question 19

give weaknesses of the DSM

Answer 19

1) creates labels and stigma
2) diagnosis is as straightforward as putting people into categories
3) increased risk of misdiagnosis and what counts as mentally illchanges over time

Question 20

what is reliability

Answer 20

the consistency of something
if one person goes to two different clinicians and gets a different diagnosis there is no reliability

Question 21

what did Beck et al find in terms of reliability of the ICD and DSM

Answer 21

agreement on diagnosis for 153 patients was only 54% due to vauge criteria and inconsistencies in techniques used to gather data

Question 22

What did Goldstein (1988) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-II and DSM-III?

Answer 22

experts given case studies of patients diagnosised with Sz had high level of agreement

Question 23

What did Cheniaux (2009) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-III and ICD-10?

Answer 23

Compared the diagnosis between DSM-IV and the ICD-10 of Sz, depression, etc. Found that Sz was more frequently diagnosed using the ICD-10.

Question 24

what did cooper find out about reliability

Answer 24

New York psychatrists were twice as likely to diagnose Sz than london psychatrists who were twice as likely to diagnose mania or depression when shown the same video

Question 25

what is validity

Answer 25

extent to which classification measures what it claims to measure

classify a real pattern in symptoms ehich results from a real underlying cause ehich can lead to a suitable treatment

Question 26

what are the 4 types of validity

Answer 26

descriptive
predictive
aetiological
concurrent

Question 27

what is descriptive validity

Answer 27

symptoms of one dissorder should be different from those of other categories

most patients show comorbidity which raises questions about whether they are separate disorders

Question 28

what did Eysencl find about descriptive validity

Answer 28

2/3 of pateints with anxiety disorder have been diagnosed with additional anxiety disorders

Question 29

what is predictive validity

Answer 29

if the system identifies a condition that will respond a particular way to a treatment

Question 30

what did Bannister et al find about predictive validity

Answer 30

no clear relationship between diagnosis and treatment however since the introduction of the DSM IV form of treatment increasingly depends on diagnosis

Question 31

what is aetiological validity

Answer 31

all patients who have the same diagnosis should have delevoped the disorder for the same reason

Question 32

what is concurrent validity

Answer 32

the extent to which diagnosis from the two sytems agree with each other
only tells us if the DSM is valid or if the ICD is valid

Question 33

what did Lee find out about concurrent validity

Answer 33

see if the DSM IV is vailid in diagnosing ADHD agreed with criteria from questionnaire data in Korea, teacher opinions were associated with the ADHD diagnosis using DSM IV

Question 34

what are the implications for diagnosis

Answer 34

if it is valid then it should be possible to predict the prognosis and course of disorder as well as a effective suitable treatment

Question 35

why is it difficult to assess reliability

Answer 35

unstructured interviews are not reliable and often used
not all info is gathered
some mental illnesses are hard to diagnose
psychiatrists may be subjective
cultural factors