Clep* Study Guide Flashcards
(131 cards)
0
Q
Created the scientific method—?
A
Francis Bacon
1
Q
Created the first scientific laboratory—?
A
Wilhelm Wundt
2
Q
What is the study that believes people are born blank slates?
A
Behavioral approach
3
Q
What is the study that believes Personality is linked to genetics?
A
Biological approach
4
Q
What is the study that believes all people are inherently good?
A
Humanistic
5
Q
What is the study on how the mind learns and thinks?
A
Cognitive approach
6
Q
What is the study that believes actions are based on unconscious motivation?
A
Psychoanalytical
7
Q
What is the study of classification of the mind’s structures?
A
Structuralism
8
Q
What is the study of whether or not biology plays a part in personality?
A
Nature vs. Nurture
9
Q
What is the study created by William James to answer the “how” part of behavior?
A
Functionalism
10
Q
What is the name for a variable that always stays the same?
A
Constant
11
Q
What is the name for a changing part of the person?
A
Variable
12
Q
What is the variable that the experimenter controls?
A
Independent variable
13
Q
What is the variable the experiment is trying to get information about?
A
Dependent variable
14
Q
How much one variable changes in relation to each other is called —?
A
Correlation research
15
Q
Someone with a Doctoral degree in Psychology, but cannot prescribe medicine is called —?
A
Clinical Psychologist
16
Q
A person who is a medical doctor with a degree in psychotherapy and can prescribe drugs is called —?
A
A Psychiatrist
17
Q
What are ethics?
A
Principle and standards of behavior including morals
18
Q
—– is an involuntary system.
A
Autonomic Nervous System
19
Q
The —– is part of the endocrine system?
A
Hypothalamus
20
Q
The arousing part of the Autonomic Nervous system is called —?
A
Sympathetic Nervous System
21
Q
The calming part of the Autonomic Nervous system is called —?
A
Parasympathetic Nervous system
22
Q
The — is located in the Limbic system and stores memories?
A
Hippocampus
23
Q
What system is structured in the cerebral cortex and is related to memory and emotion?
A
The Limbic system
24
What is the cerebral cortex?
The most developed part of the brain. (80%)
25
Which of the four lobes underneath the cerebral cortex is related to vision?
Occipital lobe
26
Which of the four lobes underneath the cerebral cortex is related to hearing?
Temporal lobe
27
Which of the four lobes underneath the cerebral cortex is related to voluntary muscles and intelligence?
Frontal lobe
28
Which of the four lobes underneath the cerebral cortex is related to body sensations?
Parietal lobe
29
What is the term for the two large halves of the brain?
Cerebrum
30
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordinates all movements and muscles
31
What controls breathing and heart rate?
Pons
32
What does the brain stem do?
Sends commands to all other parts of the body
34
What are the functions of the thalamus?
Main relay station for incoming sensory signals to cerebral cortex and out-going motor signals from it.
35
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Regulates internal temperature, eating, sleeping, drinking, emotions, and sexual activity
36
Who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
37
A somatic cell has how many chromosomes?
A full set
38
Cloning is done through ---?
The reproduction with the somatic cell
39
What are gametes?
The reproductive cells (eggs and sperm)
40
The first part of a human is the ---?
Zygote
41
How much sensation it takes to feel something against your skin is called ---?
Absolute threshold
42
Balance and body movement is called ---?
Vestibular sense
43
The white part of the eye that protects it and keeps its shape is called ---?
Sclera
44
Rings of muscle that make up the color of the eye is called ---?
Iris
45
The part of the eye that is black and opens and closes to let in light is called ---?
Pupil
46
The cornea is ---?
A clear membrane in front of the eye that protects it.
47
The ----- are transparent and located in front of the eye.
Lens
48
This is located in the back of the eye and is light sensitive.
Retina
49
----- are what we use to see color?
Cones
50
What is noise?
Irrelevant stimuli that compete for our attention
51
What is pitch?
Ear's interpretation of a sound's frequency
52
What is frequency?
The number of full wavelengths that pass through a point in a given amount of time
53
----- is a sound wave's amplitude.
Loudness
54
----- is the amount of pressure produced by a sound wave and is measured in decibels.
Amplitude
55
What is timbre?
The tone color or perceptual quality of a sound
56
Outer ear includes ---?
Pinna and the external auditory canal.
57
Middle ear includes ---?
Area of the ear with three main parts: eardrum, anvil, and stirrup.
58
Inner ear includes ---?
Oval window, cochlea and organ of Corti
59
What is the cochela?
A fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that looks like a snail.
60
What is the Organ of Corti?
A part of the ear inside the cochlea. Contains sensors that change energy into impulses that are decided by the brain.
61
What is Gestalt psychology?
An approach that assumes that people organize their perceptions by patterns. They believe in the principle of closure.
62
Being able to see things as they are, in three dimensions, is called ---?
Depth perception
63
What is the visual cliff?
A study that proved at children possessed depth perception.
64
Who was Erik Erikson?
A psychoanalyst who documented stages of emotional growth in regards to human babies.
65
What did Eriskon believe was the most important thing a person develops?
Trust
66
In accordance to Erikson's developmental stages, infants are in the ---?
Trust or mistrust
67
In accordance to Erikson's developmental stages, Toddlers are in ---?
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
68
In accordance to Erikson's developmental stages, Preschoolers are in ---?
Initiative vs guilt
69
In accordance to Erikson's developmental stages, School-age Child is in the ---?
Industry vs. Inferiority
70
In accordance to Erikson's developmental stages, adolescents are in the ---?
Identity vs. Role confusion
71
In accordance to Erikson's developmental stages, young adults are in ---?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
72
In accordance to Erikson's developmental stages, Middle-Aged Adults are in ---?
Generative vs. Stagnation
73
In accordance to Erikson's developmental stages, Old Age is in ---?
Ego integrity vs. Despair
74
Who was Jean Piaget?
A cognitive theorist who studied the development of children's understanding.
75
What is Assimilation?
The process by which a person takes information from the environment.
76
What is Accommodation?
The difference made to one's mind or one's concepts by the process of assimilation.
77
What is classification?
The ability to group things together because of common features.
78
What is class Inclusion?
The understanding of more advanced than simple classification, that some classes or sets of objects are also sub-sets of a larger class.
79
What is conversation?
The realization that objects or sets of objects stay the same even when they are changed about or made to look different.
80
What is developmental norm?
A statistical measure of typical scores for categories of information.
81
What is Egocentrism?
The belief that you are the center of the universe and everything revolves around you, and the corresponding inability to see the world as someone else does and adapt to it.
82
What is Elaboration?
Relating new information to something similar.
83
What is operation?
The process of working something out in your head.
84
What is Recognition?
The ability to identify correctly something encountered before.
85
What is Recall?
Being able to reproduce knowledge from memory
86
What is Schema (or scheme)?
The representation in the mind of a set of perceptions, ideas, and/or actions, which go together.
87
What is Stage?
A period in a child's development in which he or she is capable of understanding something but not others.
88
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in the Reflective Stage (0-2 months)?
Simple reflex activity such as grasping and sucking
89
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in Primary Circular Reactions (2-4 months)?
Reflexive behaviors occur in repetition such opening and closing fingers repetitively
90
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)?
Responses become coordinated into more complex sequences. Actions take an intentional character.
91
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)?
Discovery of new ways to produce the same consequence or as same goal such as infant may pull the pillow toward him to get the toy on it.
92
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in the preoperational phase (2-4 years)?
Increased used of verbal representation but speech is egocentric. The beginnings of symbolic rather than simple motor play
93
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in the Intuitive Phase (4-7 years)?
Speech becomes more social, less egocentric. The child has an intuitive grasp of logical concepts in some areas.
94
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in the period of Concrete Operations (7-11 years)?
Evidence for organized, logical thought. There is the ability to perform multiple classification tasks, order objects in logical sequence, and comprehend the principle of conversation.
95
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in the Period of Formal Operation (11-15 years)?
Thoughts become more abstract, incorporating the principles of formal logic. The ability to formulate abstract propositions, multiple hypotheses and their possible outcomes is evident.
96
In Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual stages, at what age is the oral stage and what does in incorporate?
(Birth—1 year)
The new ego directs the baby's sucking activities toward breast or bottle. If oral needs are not met properly, the individual can develop habits like thumb sucking and pencil chewing.
97
In Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual stages, at what age is the anal stage and what does it incorporate?
(1—3 year)
| Young children enjoy holding and releasing urine and feces.
98
In Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual stages, at what age does the Phallic stage begin and what does it incorporate?
(3—6 years)
Id impulses transfers to genitals and the child find pleasure in genital stimulation. Freud's Oedipus Conflict for boys and Electra Conflict for girls take effect.
99
In Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual stages, at what age is the Latency stage and what does it incorporate?
(6—11 years)
| Sexual instincts die down, and the super ego develops further.
100
In Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual stages, at what age is the Genital stage and what does it incorporate?
(Adolescence)
| Puberty causes the sexual impulses of the phallic stage to reappear.
101
What does the Defense Mechanism Denial mean?
Complete rejection of the feeling or situation.
102
What does the Defense Mechanism Suppression mean?
Hiding the feelings and not acknowledging them.
103
What does the Defense Mechanism Reaction Formation mean?
Turning a feeling into the complete opposite feeling. For example, saying you hate someone you are interested in.
104
What does the Defense Mechanism Projection?
Transferring your thoughts and feelings onto others. For example, someone who is being unfaithful would constantly accuse his or her partner of cheating.
105
What does the Defense Mechanism Displacement?
Feelings are redirected to someone else. Someone who has a bad day at work and can't complain goes home and yells at their kids instead.
106
What does the Defense Mechanism Rationalization mean?
You deny your feelings and come up with ways to justify your behavior.
107
What does the Defense Mechanism Regression mean?
Reverting to old behavior to avoid feelings.
108
What does the Defense Mechanism Sublimation mean?
A type of displacement, redirection of the feelings into a socially productive activity.
109
In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, where is Self-actualization?
Highest need in the hierarchy — Level 5
110
In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, where is Esteem needs?
Level 4 need
111
In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what is Level 3?
Belonging and Love
112
In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what is Level 2?
Safety
113
In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what is Physical needs?
Level 1
114
With conditioning, what does Operant behavior do?
It reinforces the desired behavior. For example, ring a bell and then give your cat a treat and the next time you ring the bell he'll come running.
115
With conditioning, what does instructional conditioning do?
Gives a negative sanction
116
With conditioning, what is Extinction?
The process of unassociating the condition with the response. When you ring a bell for your cat to get dinner and the don't provide him with any food, gradually the cat will learn not to come when the bell is sounded.
117
What is egocentric behavior?
When a child, for example, does not take into consideration other people's needs.
118
Who was Baby Albert and what happened?
Baby Albert was the name of a boy kept in a box. By using classical conditioning, the researchers made the baby afraid of rats.
119
What is Social learning theory?
Explicit role instruction (stereotypes): boys play with trucks and cars, and girls wear make-up.
120
When something from conditioning carries over to another related area—for example, you're afraid of spiders; soon you become afraid of all bugs—what is that called?
Stimulus Generalization
121
Research by watching the subject is called ---?
Naturalistic Observation
122
What is the Id?
The primitive part of subconscious which wants food and sex
123
What is the ego?
The mediator between the Id and the super ego
124
What is the super ego?
The super ethical, socially good part of the subconscious
125
What was the visual cliff?
An experiment that proved that infants have depth perception
126
Who made the first IQ test?
Alfred Binet
127
A Cross-Sectional study is when ---?
People of different ages are studied at one particular time.
128
A study where people are followed over a long period of time and checked up on at certain points is called ---?
Longitudinal study
129
The Four Steps of the Scientific Method are ---?
1) Gather information (observe phenomenon)
2) Generate hypothesis
3) Test the Hypothesis
4) Revise (Establish theory based on repeated validation of the results)
130
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development sought to do what and what are the three levels?
The theory sought to explain how morality is linked to behavior.
Level 1: Preconventional Morality
Punishment of obedience phase
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Motivation to obey is done from influence of other people
Level 3: Postconventional Morality
Motivation is because law is a higher order
131
In Jean Piaget's Stages of Development, what happens in coordination of secondary reactions (8-12 months)?
Repetition of change actions to reproduce interesting consequences such as kicking one's feet to move a mobile suspended over the crib.
