CLIN CHEM Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Light travels in _____ and expressed in ___.
A
Waves; nm
2
Q
What is the range of visible light?
A
400 - 700nm
3
Q
Range of ultraviolet light
A
4 - 400nm
4
Q
Range of infrared light
A
700nm - 0.3cm
5
Q
At what wavelength is uric acid measured at using the Caraway method?
A
650 - 700nm (or 660nm)
6
Q
At what wavelength is uric acid measured at using the Enzymatic method?
A
293nm
7
Q
At what wavelength is glucose measured at using the Dubowski reaction?
A
620 - 630nm
8
Q
Reagent used in the Caraway method
A
Phosphotungstic acid
9
Q
Which component of the spectrophotometer isolates a specific wavelength of interest from the light source?
A
Monochromator
10
Q
An aspect of quality assessment that is used to assess the analytical phase of patient testing
A
Qualiry control
11
Q
An increased coefficent of variation indicates __________.
A
Poor precision
12
Q
_________ refleftes the variation of data values around the mean; an indicator of precision
A
Standard variation
13
Q
Modifed true or false: triglyceride is not affected by fasting.
A
False; cholesterol is not affected, while triglelyceride is affected.
14
Q
In what state should the patient be when fasting?
A
Basal state
15
Q
Hemolysed sample may falsely increase creatine kinase because of _______.
A
Adenylate kinase
16
Q
T-test is used for evaluating ________.
A
Accuracy
17
Q
F-test is used for evaluating _______.
A
Precision
18
Q
The following are monosaccharides, except:
Dextrose
Glucose
Levulose
Maltose
A
Maltose
19
Q
What carbohydrate is readily converted by the cells into energy?
A
Glucose
20
Q
What is the storage form of glucose?
A
Glycogen
21
Q
The saliva contains ______.
Ptyalin
Amylopsin
Pepsin
Trypsin
A
Ptyalin
22
Q
Modified true or false: carbohydrate digestion is completely stopped in the stomach due to the HCl
A
False; temporarily
23
Q
Transient hyperglycemia _____ after eating.
A
30 minutes
24
Q
What is the enzyme that acts as a hypoglycemic agent? Where is it produced?
A
Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas
25
The following increases blood glucose, except:
Glucagon
Cortisol
Glycogen
Epinephrine
GH
Thyroxine
Glycogen
26
Insulin lowers blood glucose by:
A) Promoting glycogenesis
B) Promoting lipogenesis
C) Increasing cellular glucose uptake
D) Promoting glycogenolysis
All except D
27
Patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 have problems with ________.
insulin receptors
28
Patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 1 have problems with _________.
insulin
29
What is the standard specimen used for testing carbohydrates?
fasting venous plasma
30
How many hours of fasting does fasting blood sugar require?
8-10 hours
31
Modified true or false: Arterial blood has higher glucose levels compared to venous blood.
True
32
Why are glucometer results lower compared to laboratory results?
Whole blood has approximately 10-15% lower glucose levels than serum/plasma
33
How long are samples for glucose testing viable for?
30-60 minutes
34
What is the ideal tube for collecting plasma glucose? What are the additives used?
Gray top; Sodium fluoride and oxalate
35
What does sodium fluoride do? how long are its effects?
Prevents glycolysisfor 48-72 hours
36
Can sodium fluoride be used as an anticoagulant?
Yes, but it should be used at a concentration of 6-10mg /mL of WB
37
What is the enzyme that is inhibited by the binding of fluoride to magnesium?
enolase
38
What does the enzyme enolase do?
Takes part in glycolysis
39
At what rate is glucose metabolized in room temperature?
7mg/dL per hour
40
If glucose is stored at 4°C (refrigerator temp), at what rate is it metabolized?
2mg/dL per hour
41
CSF glucose concentration is approximately _______ that of plasma concentrations.
60-70%
42
In the copper reduction method for analyzing blood glucose, what is actually measured?
Cuprous (Cu1+)
43
In the ferric reduction method for analyzing blood glucose, what indicates a positive result?
Disappearance of color
44
How is the glucose oxidase method considered too specific?
It only detects beta-glucose
45
What is the reference method for analyzing blood glucose?
Hexokinase G6PD
46
When is random blood glucose really useful?
During emergency cases; when determining if the patient is hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic.
47
What is the ideal way of using FBS for determining Diabetes Mellitus?
FBS + FBS / FBS + OGTT
48
What may cause a false decrease in Glycosylated hemoglobin results?
Hemolysis / Hemolytic anemia
49
Glycated Albumin analyzes blood glucose for the past _________.
2-3 weeks
50
A pregnant woman with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus may have what effect on the baby?
Baby could become overweight
51
Modified true or false: The 2-hour post prandial test is a standardized test that requires patient fasting prior to the test.
False; it is not standardized since there is no standard amount of glucose intake before the collection of blood.
52
How much glucose is taken orally in OGTT?
75g
53
How much glucose is taken orally in OGCT?
50g
54
Glycemic factors are release at what glucose levels?
65-70mg/dL
55
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are observable at what glucose levels?
50-55mg/dL
56
A patient with a glucose level of 25mg/dL may experience what?
Severe CNS dysfunction / Irreversible brain damage
57
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
160-180mg/dL
58
A patient with FBS result of 136mg/dL experiences what?
Hyperglycemia
59
Decreased serum and urine pH due to hyperglycemia may lead to ___________.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
60
Most cholesterol in the body are in the form of ________.
Cholesterol ester
61
Considered as the building block of lipids
Fatty acids
62
What is considered the protein carrier of lipids that are made up of apolipoprotein?
Lipoproteins
63
What is the lipoprotein that transports exogenous TAGs?
Chylomicrons
64
Apolipoprotein found in HDL
Apo A-I
Apo A-II
Apo A-IV
Apo C-II
Apo C-III
All except for Apo C-II
65
A very large structural protein (Apolipoprotein) that is found in the VLDL and LDL
Apo B-100
66
Which lipoprotein have the highest level of protein?
HDL
67
What is the reference method of differentiating lipoproteins?
Ultracentrifugation
68
Give an example of a precipitating agent used for separating LDL and HDL
Heparan sulfate-Mn2+
Dextran sulfate-MgCl2+
Phosphotungstate-MgCl2+
Heparin-Ca2+
69
What is unique about proteins that distinguishes itself to carbohydrates and lipids?
They contain nitrogen
70
This term refers to proteins being able to become positive or negatively charged
Amphoteric
71
Most proteins are synthesized in which part of the body?
liver
72
What are the basic structural units of proteins?
Amino acids
73
Haptoglobin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.
A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper
A) Hgb
74
Transferrin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.
A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper
C) Iron
75
Hemopexin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.
A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper
B) Heme
76
Ceruloplasmin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.
A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper
D) Copper
77
Ceruloplasmin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.
A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper
D) Copper
78
The deficiency of ceruloplasmin results to what condition?
A) Menke's syndrome
B) Wilson's disease
C) Grave's disease
D) Pernicious anemia
B) Wilson's disease
79
Copper deficiency may lead to what condition?
A) Wilson's disease
B) Von willebrand disease
C) Menke's syndrome
D) Down's syndrome
C) Menke's syndrome
80
What is the most versatile carrier?
Albumin
81
How does protein act as buffer?
Helps with the maintenance of acid-base balance
82
What is the term when a substance have net zero charge at a certain pH?
Isoelectric point
83
In serum protein electrophoresis, bands are quantified using ________.
Densitometer
84
Beta gamma bridging pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Liver cirrhosis
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Emphysema
B) Liver cirrhosis
85
Monoclonal spike pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Liver cirrhosis
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Emphysema
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
86
Decreased Albumin, and increased Alpha 2 pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Acute inflammation
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Emphysema
A) Nephrotic syndrome
87
Increased Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Emphysema
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Acute inflammation
D) Acute inflammation
88
Decreasedd Alpha 1 pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Emphysema
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Acute inflammation
B) Emphysema
89
Which doesn't belong to the group:
i) AFP
ii) Ceruloplasmin
iii) Alpha-1 antitrypsin
iv) Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein
ii only
90
Which of the following belong to the beta region in serum protein electrophoresis:
i) Pre-beta lipoprotein
ii) Beta lipoprotein
iii) Transferrin
iv) Fibrinogen
v) Haptoglobin
vi) Hemopexin
i, ii, iii, iv, vi
91
Which lipoprotein is anodal to albumin?
A) Beta lipoprotein
B) Pre-beta lipoprotein
C) Pre-albumin
D) Complement
C) Pre-albumin
