Clin path Urinalysis

Question 1

What does the urinary system consist of?

Answer 1

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

Question 2

oliguria

Answer 2

decreased urine production

Question 3

polyuria

Answer 3

increased urine production

Question 4

pollakiuria

Answer 4

benign idiopathic urinary frequency

Question 5

dysuria

Answer 5

painful or difficult urination

Question 6

anuria

Answer 6

no urine production

Question 7

isosthenuria

Answer 7

when the urine specific gravity approaches that of the glomerular filtrate

Question 8

urochromes

Answer 8

urine pigments

Question 9

hematuria

Answer 9

presence of RBC’s in the urine

Question 10

hemogloburia

Answer 10

presence of hemoglobin in the urine

Question 11

specific gravity

Answer 11

weight (density) of a quantity of liquid compared with that of an equal

Question 12

where are the kidneys located?

Answer 12

the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, ust ventral to the 1st lumbar vertebrae

Question 13

which animal has a right kidney that is heart-shaped?

Answer 13

horse

Question 14

what kind of an appearance does a bovine kidney have?

Answer 14

lobulated appearance

Question 15

what is the hilus?

Answer 15

it is the area where blood, lymph vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney

Question 16

what are the nephrons composed of?

Answer 16

renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting tubule

Question 17

what 2 parts is the renal corpuscle composed of?

Answer 17

glomerulus

bowman’s capsule

Question 18

where are plasma and waste filtered through?

Answer 18

glomerulus

Question 19

are large proteins and cells able to pass through the glomerulus?

Answer 19

not unless they are damaged

Question 20

what are the 4 steps of the urine formation process?

Answer 20

ultrafiltration
selective reabsorption
secretion
excretion

Question 21

where do the collecting tubules drain?

Answer 21

they drain into the renal pelvis to the opening of the ureter

Question 22

where and to do the ureters transport urine?

Answer 22

they transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

Question 23

what moves the urine in the ureters?

Answer 23

smooth muscle contractions

Question 24

how do the ureters enter the bladder?

Answer 24

they enter at oblique angles

Question 25

what initiates contraction of the muscle wall of the urinary bladder?

Answer 25

spinal reflex

Question 26

what controls urination in the urinary bladder?

Answer 26

the sphincter

Question 27

what two hormones control the volume of urine produced?

Answer 27

ADH | aldosterone

Question 28

ADH

Answer 28

antidiuretic hormone | released from the pituitary gland

Question 29

aldosterone

Answer 29

secreted by the adrenal cortex

Question 30

when are the best urine samples taken?

Answer 30

in the morning or after several hours of water deprivation

Question 31

what are the urine collection techniques?

Answer 31

free catch/voided cystocentesis manual expression catheterization

Question 32

which collection technique has been said to be the easiest?

Answer 32

free catch/ voided

Question 33

what is a manual expression not recommended for?

Answer 33

urine culture

Question 34

which patients do you not use the manual expression technique on?

Answer 34

obstructed urethra (blocked toms)

Question 35

why would you want to avoid testing the first portion of urine from catheterization?

Answer 35

the sample may have increased RBC's and epithelial cells

Question 36

what size catheter is commonly used in dogs?

Answer 36

4 to 10 French

Question 37

what size catheter is commonly used in cats?

Answer 37

3.5 French

Question 38

what can a cystocentesis be used for?

Answer 38

culture and sensitivity

Question 39

what is possible to have in a sample from a cystocentesis?

Answer 39

RBC's may be present in the sample

Question 40

why would you not want to redirect during a cystocentesis?

Answer 40

you could damage internal organs

Question 41

when should urine be analyzed?

Answer 41

within the first 30 minutes to 1 hour

Question 42

how long can the urine sample be refrigerated for?

Answer 42

6-8 hours

Question 43

what can happen if the sample is not refrigerated and not examined within the first 30 minutes to 1 hour?

Answer 43

glucose and bilirubin concentrations will be decreased pH will be increased RBC's and cast will be broken down

Question 44

what does a routine analysis consist of?

Answer 44

``` volume color odor specific gravity transparency ```

Question 45

what is often confused by the owner?

Answer 45

pollakiuria | polyuria

Question 46

what often accompanies polyuria?

Answer 46

polydipsia

Question 47

what can polyuria occur with?

Answer 47

diuretics corticosteriodis fluid administration

Question 48

isosthenuria

Answer 48

when the urine specific gravity approaches that of glomerular filtrate

Question 49

what can oliguria occur with?

Answer 49

heart disease dehydration shock

Question 50

what can ammonia odor occur with?

Answer 50

cystitis

Question 51

what can sweet or fruity odor occur with?

Answer 51

ketones

Question 52

alkaline pH

Answer 52

above 7.0

Question 53

acidic pH

Answer 53

below 7.0

Question 54

what kind of diet produces alkaline pH?

Answer 54

plant-based

Question 55

what kind of diet produces acidic pH?

Answer 55

high protein cereal diets meat

Question 56

what animal can get transient glucosuria?

Answer 56

cats

Question 57

how is the protein in urine measured?

Answer 57

reagent strips sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test urine protein/creatine ratio

Question 58

what protein concentration amount do reagent strips detect?

Answer 58

30 mg/dL

Question 59

what are the symptoms of a patient with proteinuria?

Answer 59

loss of appetite lethargic/ weakness vomiting increased thirst and urine output

Question 60

what could protein in the urine be an indication of?

Answer 60

chronic renal failure

Question 61

what is recommended with increased levels of glucose?

Answer 61

fasting periods

Question 62

ketonuria

Answer 62

presence of ketones

Question 63

how are ketones formed?

Answer 63

they are formed during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids

Question 64

what are reagent strips sensitive to?

Answer 64

acetoacetic acid

Question 65

what are reagent strips less sensitive to?

Answer 65

acetone

Question 66

what is first produced in ketosis?

Answer 66

ketones

Question 67

what do reagent strips not detect?

Answer 67

b-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 68

what are the two methods of using a chemical reagent strip?

Answer 68

dip into the sample | pipette onto the strip

Question 69

what amount of bilirubin in a cat is considered abnormal?

Answer 69

any amount in a cat is considered abnormal

Question 70

in the intestines, what does the bacteria convert bilirubin to?

Answer 70

stercobilinogen | urobilinogen

Question 71

what does a hematuria sample look like?

Answer 71

cloudy red, brown or wine colored

Question 72

what does myoglobinuria look like?

Answer 72

very dark brown to almost black( low concentration can look red)