Clinical

Question 1

interpretation

Answer 1

Freudian psychoanalysis consists of a combination of confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through.

The goal of interpretation is to explicitly connect the client’s current behavior to unconscious processes and is most effective when it addresses motives and conflicts close to the client’s consciousness.

Clarification involves clarifying the client’s feelings by restating his/her remarks in clearer terms.

Confrontation involves making statements that help the client see his/her behavior in a new way.

Working through is the final stage of psychoanalysis and allows the client to gradually incorporate new insights into his/her personality.

Question 2

reaction formation

Answer 2

Turning an undesirable impulse into its opposite (e.g., hostility into kindness) is the definition of reaction formation, which is one of the defense mechanisms used by the ego to reduce anxiety.

Question 3

For Carl Jung, transference involves:

Answer 3

Jung considered transference to be an unconscious process in which feelings the client originally directed toward others are now being projected onto the

Question 4

According to Gestalt theory,

Answer 4

According to Gestalt theory, a well-functioning person is able to see the entirety of his or her immediate experience (i.e., the “gestalt”). According to Gestalt principles, awareness of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, etc. in the “here-and-now” is sufficient to cause desired changes.

Question 5

Gestalt therapists consider a client’s transferences to be

Answer 5

Knowing that Gestalt therapists focus on the “here-and-now” (current functioning) may have helped you identify the correct answer to this question. Gestalt therapists consider a client’s transferences to be counterproductive and respond to transference by helping the client recognize the difference between his/her “transference fantasy” and reality.

Question 6

George Kelly’s (1955) personal construct theory focuses on the role of “personal constructs,” which Kelly describes as

Answer 6

Kelly’s theory focuses on how people construe (perceive, interpret, and predict) events, with construing involving the use of personal constructs. As defined by Kelly, personal constructs are mental templates that consist of a characteristic or other phenomenon and its perceived opposite (e.g., outgoing-shy, interesting-boring).