Clinical anatomy of the lower limb

Question 1

What are the most common pelvic disorders?

Answer 1

Pelvic and actetabular fractures

Question 2

What are the most common hip disorders?

Answer 2

Arthritis
Paeds: DDH, Perthes, SUFE
Trochanteric bursitis
Hip fractures

Question 3

What are the most common knee disorders?

Answer 3

Arthritis 
Extensor mechanism injury
Patellar instability 
Meniscal injuries
Cruciate injuries
Collateral ligament injuries

Question 4

What are the most common foot and ankle disorders?

Answer 4

Ankle arthritis
Talipes Equinus
Tarsal coalation 
Hallux valgus
Hallux rididus 
Morton's neurome
Pes planus dusfuction 
Plantar fasciitis
Ankle, MT fractures

Question 5

What bone produces the medial malleolus?

Answer 5

Tibia

Question 6

What bone produces the lateral malleolus?

Answer 6

Fibula

Question 7

What is contained within the hind foot?

Answer 7

Talus and calcaneous

Question 8

What is contained within the mid foot?

Answer 8

Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid

Question 9

What is contained within the forefoot?

Answer 9

MTs and everything else distal

Question 10

What is the movement of the talus navicular joint?

Answer 10

Rotational movement

Question 11

What is the movement by the tarsometatarsal joints?

Answer 11

Abduction and adduction

Question 12

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

Answer 12

Increases the amount the femoral head is capsured, important stabiliser

Question 13

What is the main blood supply to the head and neck of femur?

Answer 13

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries
Mostly medial artery
A little from obturator artery

Question 14

What muscles are the hip flexors?

Answer 14

Iliopsoas

Question 15

Where does the iliacus originate and insert?

Answer 15

Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

Question 16

Where does the psoas major originate and insert?

Answer 16

Origin: transverse processes of L1-5
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

Question 17

What are the secondary hip flexors and extensors of the knee?

Answer 17

Rectus femoris

Sartorius

Question 18

Where does the rectus femoris originate and insert?

Answer 18

Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Tibia via patella tendon

Question 19

Where does the sartorius originate and insert?

Answer 19

Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Tibia

Question 20

What are the hip adductors of the hip?

Answer 20

Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Pectineus
Gracilis

Question 21

Where do the hip adductors originate and insert?

Answer 21

Origin: inferior pubic rami
Insertion: Linea aspea, pectineal line, tibia

Question 22

What are the hip abductors?

Answer 22

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascica latae

Question 23

Where do the gluteus minimus and medius orginate and insert?

Answer 23

Origin: iliac wing
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur

Question 24

Where does the tensor fascia latae originate and insert?

Answer 24

Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: lateral tibia via IT band

Question 25

What is the main hip extensor?

Answer 25

Gluteus maximus

Question 26

Where does the gluteus maximus originate and insert?

Answer 26

Origin: posterior aspect of ilium Insertion: IT band

Question 27

What are the hip extensors and knee flexors?

Answer 27

Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

Question 28

Where does the biceps femoris originate and insert?

Answer 28

Origin: Long head; ischial tuberosity, short head; linea aspera Insertion: fibula head

Question 29

Where does the semimebranosus originate and insert?

Answer 29

Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: posterior tibia

Question 30

Where does the semitendinosus originate and insert?

Answer 30

Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: medial tibia

Question 31

Where will true hip pain present?

Answer 31

In the groin

Question 32

What is the function of hte collateral ligaments in the knee?

Answer 32

Resist varus and valgus

Question 33

What is the function of the ACL?

Answer 33

Resists anterior translation and external rotation of the tibia on the femur

Question 34

What is the function of the PCL?

Answer 34

Resists posterior translation of the tibia on the femur

Question 35

What are the important functions of the meniscus ligaments?

Answer 35

Load transfer Increase femero-tibial conformity Stabilise the knee during movement Lubricate the knee

Question 36

How can the meniscus tear?

Answer 36

Bucket handle tear | Radial tear

Question 37

What are the main knee extensors?

Answer 37

Quadriceps muscle

Question 38

What is the common insertion of the quads?

Answer 38

Tibia via patellar tendon

Question 39

What is the extensor mechanism of the knee?

Answer 39

``` Quadriceps muscle Quadriceps tendon Patella Patella tendon Tibial tubercle ```

Question 40

What factors can lead to patellar instabilty?

Answer 40

Genu valgum Femoral head anteversion Weak quadriceps (vastus medialis) Ligamentous laxity

Question 41

What muscles are included in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 41

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius

Question 42

What muscles are included in the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 42

Fibularis longus | Fibularis brevis

Question 43

What muscles are included in the deep post comp of leg?

Answer 43

Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, popliteus

Question 44

What muscles are included in the superficial post comp of the leg?

Answer 44

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

Question 45

What nerve supplies the anterior comp of the leg?

Answer 45

Deep fibular nerve

Question 46

What nerve supplies the lateral comp of the leg?

Answer 46

Superficial fibular nerve

Question 47

What nerve supplies the deep posterior comp of the leg?

Answer 47

Tibial nerve

Question 48

What nerve supplies the superficial post comp of the leg?

Answer 48

Tibial nerve

Question 49

What muscles plantarflex the ankle?

Answer 49

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

Question 50

What muscle dorsiflexes the ankle?

Answer 50

Tibialis anteiror

Question 51

What movement occurs at the tibio-talar joint?

Answer 51

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Question 52

What movement occurs at the subtalar joint?

Answer 52

Eversion and inversion

Question 53

What is the medial ankle ligaments?

Answer 53

Deltoid ligament

Question 54

What is the lateral ankle ligament?

Answer 54

Lateral ligament complex

Question 55

What tendon supports the medial arch of the foot?

Answer 55

Tibialis posterior tendon

Question 56

What are some clinical issues associated with the medial arch?

Answer 56

Tib post dysfunction Pain on medial aspect Flattening of foot

Question 57

What ligament supports the medial arch?

Answer 57

Spring ligament; calcaneonavicular ligament

Question 58

Where does the plantar fascia originate and insert?

Answer 58

Tuberosity of calcaneus | Heads of metatarsals

Question 59

What clinical issue can arise from the plantar fascia?

Answer 59

Plantar fasciitis`