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Lower Limb Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What are the six regions of the lower limb?

A 
Gluteal
Femoral
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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2
Q

What are the different functions of the acetabulo-femoral joint?

A

Flexions-extension
Abduction-adduction
Medial-lateral
Circumduction

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3
Q

What are the different ligaments in the acetabulo-femoral joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ligamentum teres of the femur

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4
Q

What artery supplies the head and neck of the femur?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

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5
Q

What artery runs in the ligamentum teres of the femur?

A

Acetabular branch of the deep artery of the thigh

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6
Q

What range of movement can the modified synovial hinge joint of the knee perform?

A

Flexion and extension

Slight rotation

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7
Q

What articulations are present on the knee complex?

A

Medial tibiofemoral
Lateral tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral

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8
Q

What are the extracapsular ligements of the knee?

A

Patellar ligament
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

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9
Q

What are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee?

A 
Anterior cruciate (ACL)
Posterior cruciate (PCL)
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10
Q

What is the menisci?

A

A cresent shaped fibrocatilage within the knee

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11
Q

How can the medial and lateral collateral ligaments be distinguished?

A

Medial is much broader

Lateral is more cord like

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12
Q

What is the Q angle?

A

A line made by connecting the ASIS to the mid-point of the patella

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13
Q

Where do nerves enter/exit the pelvis and perineum via?

A

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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14
Q

Nerves supplying what will pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Pelvis - sciatic nerve

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15
Q

Nerves supplying what will pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Perineum - pudendal nerve

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16
Q

What ligaments make up the gluteal region?

A

Sacrotuberous and sacrspinous ligaments

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17
Q

What level of the spine does the sciatic nerve originate?

A

L4-S3

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18
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
Most of the skin via the tibial and fibular branches

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19
Q

What level of the spine does the pudendal nerve orignate from?

A

S2-4

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20
Q

What level of the spine does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh originate from?

A

S1-3

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21
Q

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?

A

Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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22
Q

What range of motion do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region do?

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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23
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae

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24
Q

What nerve supplies the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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25
What nerve supplies the gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus and gluteus medius?
Superior gluteal nerve
26
What range of motions do the deep muscles of the gluteal region do?
Lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers
27
What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
Piriformis Obutrator internus Gemelli (superior and inferior) Quadratus femoris
28
What nerve supplies the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
Sacral plexus
29
What is the trendelenberg gait?
Reduced function of superior gluteal nerve function resulting in the hip dropping on the contralateral side
30
What muscle causes trendeleneberg gait?
Weak hip adduction via gluteus medius
31
Where will the sciatic nerve exit the gluteal region?
Inferior to piriformis | Most lateral to exit the greater sciatic foramen
32
What are the two portions of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial nerve - larger and medial | Common fibular - smaller and lateral
33
What are the three compartments of the thigh?
Anterior, medial and posterior
34
What are the three components of the leg?
Anterior, posterior and lateral
35
What is compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increased fluid causes compression of muscles and nerves in the compartment
36
How is compartment syndrome treated?
Fasciotomy
37
What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh except from the psoas major?
Femoral nerve (L2,3,4)
38
What nerve supplies the psoas major?
L1,2,3
39
What are the muscles of flexion in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Rectus femoris Iliopsoas maj and min Pectineus Sartorius
40
What are the muscles of extension in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius
41
What are the boundaries to the femoral triangle?
``` Superior = inguinal ligament Medial = lateral border of adductor longus Lateral = medial border of sartorius Floor = ilioposas and pectinus Roof = deep fascia ```
42
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
``` Femoral Nerve Femoral Artery Femoral Vein Lymphatics Lateral to media = NAVY ```
43
In the medial compartment of the thigh, what are the adductor muscles?
``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus ```
44
What nerve supplies the adductors of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve (L2,3,4)
45
In the posterior compartment of the thigh, what are the extensor muscles of the thigh and flexors of the leg?
Semitendinosus Semimembranous Biceps femoris
46
What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,2)
47
What is the range of motion of the superficial group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Plantarflexors of ankle
48
What are the muscles in the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris
49
What is the range of motion of the deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle
50
What are the muscles in the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior
51
What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
52
What is the range of motion of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes
53
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius
54
What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve (L4,5)
55
What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus | Fibularis brevis
56
What is the range of motion of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Evert the foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle
57
What nerve supplies the lateral component of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1 and 2)
58
What causes foot drop?
Deep fibular nerve palsy causing a loss of muscle action in anterior compartment of the leg Results in reduced or absent dorsiflexion
59
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
``` Superolateraly = biceps femoris Superiomedially = semimembranous Inferiorly = gastrocnemius Roof = popliteal fossa ```
60
What is contained within the popliteal fossa?
Fat Terminal small saphenous vein Popliteal vessels Tibial and common fibular nerves
61
What muscles does the achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon) attach to?
Gastrocnemius and soleus | Attaches to calcneal tuberosity of calcaneus
62
How can the calcaneal tendon be tested?
Ankle jerk reflex - normal result is plantarflexion | Tests S1 and S2 nerve roots
63
What do the superficial lymphatics of the leg follow?
Saphenous veins | Drain to superficial inguinal then to external iliac nodes
64
What do the deep lymphatics of the leg follow?
Deep veins and drain into popliteal lymph nodes | Then to deep inguinal nodes to the external iliac nodes

MSK (34 decks)

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