Clinical Approach Flashcards
(22 cards)
Polyuria is?
Greater than normal urine output
Oliguria is?
less than normal urine output
Anuria is?
total absence of urinary output
What is a normal urine out put for cats and dogs?
15-45 ml per day (cats are less)
What are classed as insensible losses?
Faeces
Sweat
Respiration
Pollakiuria is?
Frequent passage (of typically small amounts) of urine
Stanguria is?
Slow and Painful passage of urine
Dysuria is ?
Difficult urination
Nocturia is?
Urination through the night
What should you be able to palpate on a cat PE?
Both Kidneys and the Bladder
Why would you perform a rectal or vaginal examination if the patient is showing renal signs?
There is a section of the urethra that lies within the pelvis and you will be able to feel it
What signs are an indicator of Upper UT problem?
PU/PD Abnormal Renal Palp Depression Lethargy Halitosis Oral Ulceractions
What signs are an indicator of a Lower UT problem?
Dysuria Pollakiuria Urinary Incontinence Abnormal Palp of bladder/urethra Abnormalities of external genitalia
What are some common upper UT problems?
Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Kidney Disease Glomerulonephritis Neoplasia Pyelonephritis Developmental abnormalities Nephro/Ureterolithiasis
What are some common lower UT problems?
Cystitis Urolithiasis Neoplasia Urethral Obstruction Trauma FLUTD Functional Abnormalities Developmental Abnormalities
What should you include in urinalysis?
SG, Dipstick, Sediment analysis
Name 3 methods of obtaining a urine sample?
Free Catch
Catheter
Cystocentesis
What are some advantages and disadvantages of free catch urine sampling?
Advantages: Clients can catch the sample, Easy to do in most dogs, Can use non-absorb litter with cats
Disadvantages: will be contaminated so not usable for sensitivity and culture
What are some of the risks of catheterisation sampling?
Can cause iatrogenic trauma
Which is the preferred method for collecting urine for culture and sens?
Cystocentesis - no conamination
What does retrograde mean?
Contrast injected from caudal to cranial
What does antigrade mean?
Contrast injected from cranial to caudal
