Clinical Enzymology Part 2 Flashcards by mti era

What are the 2 pancreatic enzymes

Amylase
Lipase

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Amylase is also known as?

a-1,4-glucan-4-glucohydrolase

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It is the smallest enzyme which can be freely filtered by the glomerulus

amylase

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T/F

Amylase is NOT normally present in urine

F; it is normally present in urine

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The earliest pancreatic marker

Amylase

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Amylase

Rise:
Peak:
Normalize:

Rise: 5-8 hrs,
Peak: 24 hrs
Normalize: 3-5 days

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The rise, peak and normalization of amylase should be accompanied by (increase, decrease) urine amylase, which usually elevated within ______ upon onset of _________

increase
7 days
acute pancreatitis

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Catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides

Amylase

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Amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of what bond in polysaccharides?

1,4-glycosidic bonds

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Example of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen

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Refers to long chains of glucose molecules

polysaccharides

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Once starch and glycogen are hydrolyzed, the product is________

glucose

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2 activators of Amylase

Calcium, Chloride

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Major Tissue Sources of amylase

-Pancreas (Acinar Cells) and Salivary Glands

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Other tissue sources of amylase

-Adipose Tissues, Fallopian Tubes, Small Intestines, Skeletal Muscles

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Reference range of amylase
Serum: ______
Urine: _______

Serum: 28-100 U/L
Urine: 1-15 U/h

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TYPES OF GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

α-glycosidic bond
β-glycosidic bond

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T/F:
α-glycosidic bond is oriented down

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T/F
β-glycosidic bond is oriented up

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has branches (α-1,6-glycosidic bond)

Amylose

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2 types of Isoenzymes

S-type isoamylase
P-type isoamylase

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S-type isoamylase is aka

Ptyalin or Salivary Amylase

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Initiate hydrolysis of polysaccharides in the mouth

S-type isoamylase

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Example/group of S-type isoamylase

S1, S2, S3

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The most anodal AMY isoenzyme

S-type isoamylase

P-type isoamylase is aka

aka Pancreatic Amylase and Amylopsin

Increased isoenzymes in acute pancreatitis

P-type isoamylase

Example/group of P-type isoamylase

P1, P2, P3

the most predominant pancreatic amylase isoenzyme in acute pancreatitis.

Increased amylase is aka

Hyperamylasemia

What are the 8 diseases/condition associated with increased amylase (Hyperamylasemia)

Acute Pancreatitis Parotitis Perforated Peptic Ulcer Intestinal Obstruction Cholecystitis Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy Mesenteric Infarction Acute Appendicitis

The specimen used in Amylase

Serum, Heparinized Plasma

The substrate used in AMY

Starch

In all methods of analysis for Amylase, we measure the ____

Total Amylase

T/F In all methods of analysis for Amylase, we measure the Total Amylase. Hence, we S-type and P-type should be classified

F; we don’t classify S-type and P-type.

What are the 4 methods of analysis in amylase

Saccharogenic Amyloclastic Chromogenic Couple-Enzyme

Classical method (AMY)

Saccharogenic

It measures the amount of reducing sugars produced by the hydrolysis of starch by the usual glucose method

Saccharogenic

Saccharogenic measures the amount of _________ produced by the ________ of starch by the usual glucose method

reducing sugars hydrolysis

It measures decrease in starch substrate

Amyloclastic

Substrate in Amyloclastic are coupled with ______ and will yield what color

iodine Starch + Iodine = Bluish Black Color

Decrease in color is proportional to AMS activity

Amyloclastic

In amyloclastic, the ______ (less, more) color of the substrate, the ____ (less, more) enzyme activity in the solution

less more

Measures the formation of Soluble Starch Fragments coupled with chromogenic dyes.

Chromogenic

Color intensity is proportional to AMS activity

Chromogenic

Measured amylase activity by a continuous-monitoring/kinetic technique.

Couple-Enzyme

The substrate used in couple-enzyme (Method of Analysis in Amylase)

Starch

The wavelength used in couple-enzyme (Method of Analysis in Amylase)

340 nm

pH level in couple-enzyme (Method of Analysis in Amylase)

6.9

Storage condition in couple-enzyme (Method of Analysis in Amylase)

Room temp (1 week), 4°C (2 months)

can be used to measure S-type and P-type isoenzyme.

Wheat Germ Lectin

Wheat Germ Lectin inhibits ____

Salivary Amylase

Steps in measuring S-type and P-type isoenzyme

1. Measure Total Amylase 2. Add Wheat Germ Lectin 3. Measure Amylase (P-Type) SA = Total Amylase – Pancreatic Amylase

false decrease variables in AMY

-Ca2+ Chelating Anticoagulant (EDTA) -Triglycerides

Why is Ca2+ Chelating Anticoagulant (EDTA) false decrease in AMY

Bec. Calcium is used as an activator for Amylase

false increase variables in AMY

Morphine, other opiates

Acute Pancreatitis + Hyperlipidemia = _____ (high, normal, low) Levels in Amylase

Normal

Amylase bound to immunoglobulin

Macroamylasemia

it is a type of Amylasemia that is Asymptomatic and it is not filtered by the glomerulus.

Macroamylasemia

_____ and ______ are measured to differentiate Macroamylasemia from Hyperamylasemia,

Serum and Urine amylase

Macroamylasemia = (increased, decreased) urine amylase

decreased

Hyperamylasemia = (inc., dec.,) serum and urine amylase

increased

Amylase/Creatinine Ratio: Normal: ________ Acute Pancreatitis: ______

Normal: 1-4% (0.01-0.04) Acute Pancreatitis: >4%-15%

What is the E.C. numerical code of Lipase

E.C. 3.1.1.3

Lipase is aka

Triacylglycerol Acylhydrolase

AKA Triacylglycerol Acylhydrolase

Lipase

Catalyzes hydrolysis of glycerol esters of complex lipids to produce alcohol and fatty acid.

Lipase

Catalyzes partial hydrolysis of dietary TAG to 2-monoglyceride intermediate, with production of long-chain fatty acids.

Lipase

Cofactors of lipase

Colipase (coenzyme), Bile salts

Major Tissue Source of lipase

Pancreas

Other Tissue Source of lipase

Stomach, Small Intestines

Reference Range of lipase

<38 U/L

The MOST specific pancreatic marker

lipase

In chronic pancreatitis: (lipase) - ______ are destroyed - Loss of ____ and _____

Acinar cells AMS, LPS

RISE: AMS: ____ LPS: _____

5-8 hrs 4-8 hrs

PEAK: AMS: ___ LPS: ____

both: 24 hrs

NORMALIZE: AMS: ____ LPS: ____

3-5 days 8-14days

the specimen used in the methods of analysis of lipase

Serum

the storage condition used in the methods of analysis of lipase

room temp (1 week), 4°C (3 weeks)

interferences in the methods of analysis of lipase

hemolysis

hemolysis causes false ____ (inc., dec.,) n Lipase activity because hemoglobin interferes with lipase

decrease

3 methods used in the analysis of lipase

Cherry-Crandall Method Tietz and Fierech Peroxidase Coupling

Reference method in LPS

Cherry-Crandall Method

The substrate in Cherry-Crandall Method of LPS

50% Olive Oil

The end product in Cherry-Crandall Method of LPS

Fatty Acids (titrated and measured)

What method of LPS has this principle: Hydrolysis of olive oil for 24 hours producing fatty acids which are titrated

Cherry-Crandall Method

Most commonly used method in LPS

Peroxidase Coupling

Does NOT use 50% olive oil

Peroxidase Coupling

What are the 2 cardiac enzymes

Creatine kinase Lactate dehydrogenase

Creatinine kinase is aka

ATP Creatine-N-Phosphotransferase

Catalyzes phosphorylation of creatine to form creatine phosphate.

CREATINE KINASE

Involved in storage of high-energy creatine phosphate in the muscles.

Creatine kinase

T/F: Creatine kinase is a dimeric molecule

What are the dimeric molecules in creatine kinase

M subunit B subunit

M subunit refers to

muscle

B subunit refers to

brain

Major Tissue Source of creatine kinase

brain, muscles (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)

Reference ranges (Creatine kinase) Male: _____ Female: _____ CK-MB: ___

Male: 46-171 U/L Female: 35-145 U/L CK-MB: <5% of total CK

T/F: Male has higher muscle mass than females

What are the normal isoenzymes

CK-BB CK-MB CK-MM

What isoenzyme is CK-1

CK-BB

What isoenzyme is CK-2

CK-MB

What isoenzyme is CK-3

CK-MM

Most anodal CK

CK-BB

2nd most anodal CK

CK-MB

3rd most anodal CK

CK-MM

Brain type isoenzyme

CK-BB

Hybrid type isoenzyme

CK-MB

Muscle type isoenzyme

CK-MM

Dominant in brain, intestines, and smooth muscles

CK-BB

Present in significant concentration in the cardiac muscles

CK-MB

Abundantly present in striated muscles

CK-MM

CK-BB is Rarely found in ____

serum (it cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier))

Serodiagnostic tool for AMI (Acute Myocardial Infarction)

CK-MB

Major Isoenzyme in normal individual (94-100%)

CK-MM

Useful Non-Specific Tumor Marker

CK-BB

Reference value OF CK-MB

<5% of Total CK

Myocardial Damage/AMI of CK-MB -____ (elevated, decreased) CK-MB - ____ of Total CK

Elevated ≥ 6

2 abnormal isoenzymes

- MACRO-CK - Mitochondrial CK

In MACRO-CK: CK-BB + ______ CK-MM + ________

Immunoglobulin Lipoproteins

T/F MACRO-CK is associated with any disease

F; not associated

It requires intensive tissue damage for it to be present

Mitochondrial CK

T/F: in serum, mitochondrial CK is NOT associated with any disease or disorder but it may be used as an indicator/marker of severe illness.

Conditions with an increased CK

Acute Myocardial Infarction Duchenne-type Muscular Dystrophy Rhabdomyolysis Cerebrovascular Accident Seizures Nerve Degeneration CNS Shock Hypothyroidism Malignant Hyperpyrexia Reye’s Syndrome

CK-MB during Acute Myocardial Infarction RISE: _____ PEAK: ____ NORMALIZE: ____

Rise: 4-8 hrs. Peak: 12-24 hrs. Normalize: 48-72 hours

it shows the highest elevation of total creatine kinase

Duchenne-type Muscular Dystrophy

T/F: Stress in muscle tissues results to increase CK

Conditions/activity that causes stress in muscle tissues resulting to increase CK

Crush syndrome, tetany, surgical incisions Strenuous exercise, contact sports IM Injection

Early diagnostic tool for Vibrio vulnificus infection

Creatine Kinase

flesh-eating bacterium

Vibrio vulnificus

causes Necrotizing fasciitis

Vibrio vulnificus

measures the creatinine kinase progesterone ratio

ectopic pregnancies

2 methods of analysis in CK

-Tanzer-Gilbard Assay -Oliver-Rosalki Method

Forward/Direct Method

Tanzer-Gilbard Assay

Tanzer-Gilbard Assay: coupled with: _____, _____, _____

Pyruvate Kinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase, and ADH System

Optimal pH in Tanzer-Gilbard Assay

9.0 (alkaline/basic)

Wavelength in Tanzer-Gilbard Assay

340 nm

Reverse/Indirect Method

Oliver-Rosalki Method

Most commonly performed method

Oliver-Rosalki Method

Why is Oliver-Rosalki Method most commonly performed method

bec. it is 2-6x faster the Tanzer-Gilbard Assay

Oliver-Rosalki Method: coupled with: ___

Hexokinase-Glucose-6-Phosphate -Dehydrogenase-NADP System

Optimal ph in Oliver-Rosalki Method

6.8 (Slightly Acidic)

wavelength in Oliver-Rosalki Method

340 nm

specimen used in Oliver-Rosalki Method

Serum, Heparinized Plasma

inhibitor of sulfhydryl group oxidation.

N-acetylcysteine, mercaptoethanol, thioglycerol, dithiothreitol

3 variables in Oliver-Rosalki method

-hemolysis -light -non-heparinized anticoagulant

Variables (Oliver-Rusalki method) Hemolysis ( ____HGB)

>320 mg/L

T/F: Oliver-Rosalki Method: In the presence of hemolysis, CK is falsely elevated even CK is not found in RBC

causes false elevation of CK activity

Adenylate Kinase

Added to inhibit/inactivate Adenylate Kinase

Adenosine Monophosphate

Added to inhibit/inactivate Adenylate Kinase

Adenosine Monophosphate

T/F: CK is inactivated by light

What are the 4 methods of isoenzyme analysis

-Electrophoresis -Ion-Exchange Chromatography -Antibody-Inhibition -Immunoassays

Reference method of isoenzyme analysis (CK)

Electrophoresis

In electrophoresis, Macro CK migrates between _____ and _____

CK-MM and CK-MB

It is potentially MORE sensitive and precise than electrophoresis

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Errors in Ion-Exchange Chromatography

-CK-MM merge with CK-MB -CK-BB eluted with CK-MB -Macro-CK eluted with CK-MB

Used Anti-M antibodies

Antibody-Inhibition

Antibody-inhibition can detect ____ activity if present resulting to falsely ______ CK-MB activity

CKBB elevated

a more specific method for CK-MB

Double-Antibody Immunoinhibition

It measures the enzyme protein rather than the activity of the enzyme. We can measure even the inactivated enzyme because we measure the CONCENTRATION.

Immunoassays

Catalyzes the oxidation of lactic acid to pyruvic acid with mediation of NAD+ as the hydrogen acceptor.

Lactate dehydrogenase

T/F: The catalytic activity of LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE is IRREVERSIBLE.

F; reversible

It is present virtually in all cells of the body.

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

Coenzyme of LD

Oxidized NAD+

Inhibitor of LD

EDTA

contain H or M Unit/Peptide

Tetrametic Molecule

Tissue sources of Lactate Dehydrogenase

heart, RBCs, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, spleen, skeletal muscles, liver, intestines

Reference value of LD

125-220 U/L

What are the Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes

LD1 LD2 LD3 LD4 LD5 LD6

LD1 subunits

HHHH

LD1 Tissue source

Heart, RBC

LD1 % based on total LDH

14-26

Most predominant isoenzyme in LD

LD2

LD2 subunits

HHHM

LD2 tissue source

Heart, RBC

LD2 % based on total LDH

29-39%

increased in pulmonary involvement and various carcinomas

LD3

LD3 subunits

HHMM

LD 3 tissue source

Liver, Spleen, Lymphocytes, Pancreas

LD 3 based on total LDH

20-26%

LD 4 subunits

HMMM

LD 4 tissue source

Liver

LD 4 % based on Total LDH

8-16%

LD 5 is seen in ___

muscular injuries

LD 5 subunits

MMMM

LD 5 tissue source

Skeletal muscle

LD6 is aka

alcohol dehydrogenase

LD 6 is present in _____

Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular failure

Most predominant to leasT predominant LD (normal path)

LD 2>1>3>4>5

used as tumor markers for Acute Leukemia, Germ Cell Tumor, Breast Cancer, and Lung Cancer.

LD 2, 3 & 4

T/F: Increase in Total LDH is SIGNIFICANT.

F; INSIGNIFICANT

Increased LDH is seen in:

-Acute Myocardial Infarction -Hemolytic anemia -Pernicious anemia -Pulmonary infarction -Muscle dystrophy -Hepatic carcinoma, toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis, viral hepatitis -Blood transfusion -Pneumocystis jirovecii infection

Increased LDH: Acute Myocardial Infarction Rise: ___ Peak: ___ Normalize: ___ Exhibits LDH Flipped Pattern: ____

Rise: 12-24 hrs Peak: 48-72 hrs. Normalize: After 10-14 days Exhibits LDH Flipped Pattern: LD1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5

Increased LDH: Hemolytic anemia Exhibits LDH Flipped Pattern: ___

LD1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5

Increased LDH: Pernicious anemia Exhibits LDH Flipped Pattern: ___

LD1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5

Increased LDH: Pulmonary infarction Pattern: ___

LD 3 > 4 > 2 > 1 > 5

Increased LDH: Muscle dystrophy Pattern: ___

LD 5 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1

May cause an increase in Lactate Dehydrogenase but it will NORMALIZE within 24 hrs. after the blood transfusion.

Blood transfusion

Specimen in LDH

Serum

Substrate used in LDH

Lactate (Most commonly used), Pyruvate of α-hydroxybutyrate (Specific to LD1)

Most common substrate used in LDH

Lactate

Storage (LDH) Total LD: _____ LD Isoenzymes: _____

25°C (48 hours) 25°C (24 hours)

Variables in LDH method of analysis

-plasma specimen -hemolysis -cold storage

In LDH, plasma specimen causes _______ because of presence of platelets in plasma

false increase

The presence of hemolysis in LDH can cause ____ of LD because RBC has ____ more Lactate dehydrogenase than serum (specifically____ and _____)

false elevation 100-150x LD1 & LD2

Cold storage in LDH: old, and labile causes a false ____ (specifically ___ and ___)

decrease LD4 & LD5

2 methods in Lactate dehydrogenase

Wacker Method Wrobleuski La Due

Forward/Direct Method in LDH

Wacker Method

Most commonly used method in LDH

Wacker Method

Wacker Method: pH: ___ Wavelength: ___

pH: 8.3-8.9 Wavelength: 340 nm

Reverse/Indirect Method of LDH

Wrobleuski La Due

T/F Wrobleuski La Due is thrice the rate of forward method

Wrobleuski La Due is the preferred method for

Dry-Slide Technology

Example of Dry-Slide Technology

Vitros

Uses less costly cofactor and it has a smaller specimen volume requirement

Wrobleuski La Due

pH of Wrobleuski La Due

7.1-7.4

2 NON ENZYMATIC CARDIAC MARKERS

Myoglobin Cardiac troponins

The primary oxygen-carrying protein found in striated skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Myoglobin

Screening test for myocardial infarction

Myoglobin

The earliest marker for MI

myoglobin

MYOGLOBIN: Rise: ___ Peak: ___ Normalize: ____

Rise: 1-3 hrs Peak: 5-12 hrs Normalize: 18-30 hrs (ave. 24 hrs.)

Gold standard in diagnosis of AMI

. Cardiac Troponins

A complex protein that resides in the filaments of cardiac (____) and skeletal muscle (___)

Cardiac Troponins 94-97% 3-6%

Regulators of actin and myosin

Cardiac Troponins

responsible for muscle contraction

actin and myosin

3 subunits of cardiac troponins

Troponin T Troponin I Troponin C

Tropomyosin-binding subunit

Troponin T

Sensitive marker for diagnosis of unstable angina

Troponin T

In troponin T, a value of _____ is suggestive of AMI

≥ 1.5 ng/mL

Absent from normal serum

Troponin T

2 subunits of cardiac troponins that are NOT cardiac specific

Troponins T & C

Inhibitory subunit

Troponin I

Cardiac-specific and sensitive

Troponin I

Troponin I is only found in ___

Myocardium

Absent from normal serum

Troponin I

Calcium-binding subunit

Troponin C

Regulates muscle contraction

Troponin C

Troponin T Rise: ___ Peak: ____ Normalize: ___

3-4 hrs 10-24 hrs 7 days

Troponin I: Rise: ___ Peak: ____ Normalize: ___

3-6 hrs 12-18 hrs 5-10 days

Acute Myocardial Infarction: (T/F) Aspartate aminotransferase is NOT liver-specific

Aspartate aminotransferase: Rise: __ Peak: ___ Normalize: ___

6-8 hrs 24 hrs Within 5 days

T/F: Creatine Kinase-MB is cardiac specific

Creatine Kinase-MB: Rise: __ Peak: ___ Normalize: ___

4-8 hrs 12-24 hrs 48-72 hrs

Lactate Dehydrogenase: Rise: __ Peak: ___ Normalize: ___

12-24 hrs 48-72 hrs After 10-14 days

Myoglobin: Rise: __ Peak: ___ Normalize: ___

1-3 hrs 5-12 hrs 18-30 hrs (ave. 24)

Troponin T: Rise: __ Peak: ___ Normalize: ___

3-4 hrs 10-24 hrs 7 days

Troponin I: Rise: __ Peak: ___ Normalize: ___

3-6 hrs 12-18 hrs 5-10 days

OTHER CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT ENZYMES

Acid phosphatase Aldolase Cholinesterase Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Ceruloplasmin

ACID PHOSPHATASE is aka

Acid orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase

aka. Acid orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase

ACID PHOSPHATASE

Catalyzes the same reaction as ALP but at pH 5.0 (Optimum pH)

ACID PHOSPHATASE

Major Tissue Source of Acid Phosphatase

Prostate

Other Sources of acid phosphatase

Erythrocytes, platelets, liver, bone, spleen, kidneys.

Reference ranges for total ACP: Male: ___ Female: ___

2-5-11.7 U/L 0.3-9.2 U/L

Reference ranges for Prostatic ACP: Male: ___ Female: ___

0.2-5.0 U/L 0.0-0.8 U/L

For detection of prostatic carcinoma (metastatic carcinoma)

ACID PHOSPHATASE

found in hairy cell leukemia

Tartrate-Resistant ACP (TRAP)

Tartrate-Resistant ACP (TRAP) is aka

Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase

Tartrate-Resistant ACP (TRAP) is a marker for: ______ & ____

Marker for Bone remodeling Marker for Metastatic Cancer in Bone Marrow

t/f: Post-Prostatectomy is under the diagnostic significance of ACP

T/F: (ACP) Thrombocytopenia - Increased ACP because of increased platelet destruction

Increased ACP (assoc. with bone disease):

Paget’s disease Breast Cancer (with bone metastases) Gaucher’s Disease (with bone marrow infiltration)

Detection of Seminal Fluid-ACP activity

Rape cases

Specimen used in rape cases (ACP)

Vaginal Washings (ACP in vaginal washing is stable for 4 days)

Detectability of ACP in rape cases

4 days

ACP Activity in rape cases

>50 IU/L

Specimen in ACP

serum

Substrate in ACP

-Thymolphthalein monophosphate -α-naphthyl phosphate

end-point methods/fixed point method.

Thymolphthalein monophosphate

specific substrate for prostatic ACP

Thymolphthalein monophosphate

Continuous monitoring methods

α-naphthyl phosphate

Inhibitors IN ACP

L-Tartrate 2% formaldehyde, cupric sulfate solution

inhibits prostatic ACP and lysosomal ACP

L-Tartrate

Not specific for prostatic ACP

L-Tartrate

inhibits RBC/Erythrocyte ACP, aka TRAP

2% formaldehyde, cupric sulfate solution

Storage in ACP

Frozen Acidified

Acified at a pH of____ ACP is stable for ____ at room temp.

<6.5 2 days

Variables in ACP

-Room temp -bilirubin -hemolysis -heparin, oxalate, fluoride

T/F: at room temp., ACP activity is decreased within 1-2 hours because CO2 from blood sample is released which increases pH of the sample

T/F: CO2 is not a principal acid component of the blood.

F; CO2 is one of the principal acid components of the blood.

Bilirubin in ACP is falsely ____ (TRAP)

decreased

Hemolysis in ACP is false ____ due to Erythrocyte ACP/TRAP

increased

Heparin, Oxalate, Fluorides causes a false ___ in ACP

decreased

To measure prostatic ACP, use inhibitors like ____

L-tartrate

Measuring Prostatic ACP steps

1. Measure Total ACP 2. Use inhibitor (L-tartrate) 3. Measure ACP – TRAP Prostatic ACP = Total ACP – TRAP

ACP methods: substrate in Gutman and Gutan:

Phenyl phosphate

ACP methods: end product in Gutman and Gutan:

Inorganic phosphate

ACP methods: substrate in Shinowara:

P-nitrophenylphosphate

ACP methods: end product in Shinowara:

p-nitrophenol

ACP methods: substrate in Babson, Read & Philips:

α-naphthylphosphate

ACP methods: end product in Babson, Read & Philips:

α-naphthol

ACP methods: substrate in Roy and Hillman:

Thymolphthalein monophosphate

ACP methods: endproduct in Roy and Hillman:

Free thymolphthalein

With a numeral code of E.C. 4.1.2.13

ALDOLASE

Aldolase is aka

Fructose-1,6-Diphosphate Aldolase

Catalyzes the reversible reaction that splits fructose-1,6-diphosphate into two triose phosphate molecules

Aldolase

Isoenzymes in Aldolase

Aldolase A Aldolase B Aldolase C

FOR Skeletal muscles (Skeletal muscle marker)

Aldolase A

For WBC, liver, kidney

Aldolase B

For Brain tissues

Aldolase C:

Increased Aldolase is seen in

Skeletal muscle disease, leukemia, hemolytic anemia, and hepatic cancers

2 types of CHOLINESTERASE

Acetylcholinesterase Pseudocholinesterase

They are Anti-xenobiotic enzymes

CHOLINESTERASE

CHOLINESTERASE is secreted by ___

liver (synthetic function)

Catalyze the hydrolysis of the esters of choline

CHOLINESTERASE

Catalyzes the removal of Benzyl Group of cocaine

CHOLINESTERASE

Marker for Insecticide/Pesticide Poisoning (Organophosphate poisoning)

CHOLINESTERASE

Used to monitor effects of muscle relaxants after surgery such as Succinylcholine

CHOLINESTERASE

Involved in metabolism of anticholinergic drugs

CHOLINESTERASE

They are INVERSE MARKERS for Acetylcholinerase

CHOLINESTERASE

Methods for CHOLINESTERASE

Ellman technique and Potentiometry

Variables in CHOLINESTERASE

Hemolysis

Other names of Acetylcholinesterase

True Cholinesterase Choline esterase I

EC Numerical Codes of Acetylcholinesterase

E.C. 3.1.1.7

Tissue source of Acetylcholinesterase

RBC, Lung, Spleen, Nerve endings

Decreased in chronic exposure to organophosphates

Acetylcholinesterase

Other names of Pseudocholinesterase

Choline Esterase II Acylcholine acylhydrolase Serum cholinesterase Butyrylcholinesterase

EC Numerical Codes of Pseudocholinesterase

E.C. 3.1.1.8

Tissue source of Pseudocholinesterase

Liver, pancreas, heart, serum

Decreased in acute toxicity with organophosphates

Pseudocholinesterase

Decreased in hepatocellular diseases

Pseudocholinesterase

RV of Pseudocholinesterase Male: Female:

Male: 4-78 u/L Female: 33-76 U/L

With an E.C numeral code of E.C. 3.4.15.1