M4 - MICRONUTRIENTS (VITAMINS) Flashcards
(377 cards)
1
Q
VITAMINS came from the old term _____ which means ____ and ____
A
vitamine;
vital;
amine
2
Q
Came from the old term “vitamine” which means
vital and amine
A
VITAMINS
3
Q
Organic molecules required in small amount
A
VITAMINS
4
Q
VITAMINS is an organic molecules required in _______
A
small amount
5
Q
Vitamins is required in small amount, specifically what measurement?
A
µg to mg
6
Q
Function of vitamins
A
Biosynthetic precursors
7
Q
VITAMIN functions as Biosynthetic precursors which is a cofactor for several _______
A
enzymatic reactions
8
Q
T/F: In the absence/deficiency of a specific enzyme,
enzymatic reactions occur or proceed at
a faster rate
A
F; DO NOT occur or proceed at
a SLOW rate
9
Q
Sources of vitamins
A
Diet;
Intestinal Flora
10
Q
T/F: DIET is the source of ALL vitamins
A
F; majority of vitamins; except for Vit. D
11
Q
Why is vitamin D cannot be acquired from diet?
A
because Vit D is acquired from sunlight
12
Q
What vitamin/s can be acquired from intestinal flora (enteric bacteria)
A
Vit K and Nicotinamide
13
Q
What are the 2 Classification of vitamins
A
→ Fat-Soluble
→ Water-Soluble
14
Q
What is the solubility of FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
A
Fats
15
Q
What is the solubility of WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
A
Water
16
Q
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in ____
A
liver
17
Q
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in liver because this is where ___ are ___
A
fats;
stored
18
Q
T/F: WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in the body
A
F; Not stored in the
body
19
Q
Why WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are not stored in the body?
A
because they are readily excreted in the urine due to its
↑solubility to water
20
Q
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS: ____ (excreted/not excreted)
A
NOT excreted
21
Q
Why is FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS not excreted
A
Because they need to dissolved/metabolize the fats where the vitamins are dissolved before it can be excreted
22
Q
Increase in concentration/ toxicity in FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
A
Hypervitaminosis
23
Q
T/F: Increase in concentration/ toxicity in WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS is unlikely
A
T
24
Q
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
A
A, D, E, K
25
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
B and C
26
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
B and C
27
VITAMIN A is any group of compounds with ____ with ____
20-carbon;
ß-ionone ring
28
How many carbon does vitamin A contain
20
29
Any group of compounds with 20-carbon with ß-ionone ring
VITAMIN A
30
contains: Isoprenoid side chain with functional
group
20-carbon with ß-ionone ring
31
The 20-carbon with ß-ionone ring of Vitamin A
→ contains: ______ with ______ (terminal ___)
Isoprenoid side chain;
functional group;
C-15
32
subs. that shows the same vit. activity
Vitamers
33
Vitamers of Vitamin A
Retinoids
34
collective term for the compounds with
Vit. A activity
Retinoids
35
T/F: Retinoids only differs on the functional group
present on the isoprenoid side chain
T
36
Types of retinoids
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic Acid
Retinyl ester
37
Retinoids with an alcohol group (R=CH2OH)
Retinol
38
Retinoids with an aldehyde group
Retinal
39
Retinoids with carboxylic acid group
Retinoic Acid
40
Retinoids with ester group
Retinyl ester
41
Sources of vitamin A
Pigmented fruits and vegetable;
Animal products
42
majority of vitamin A are from this source
Pigmented fruits and vegetable
43
“Pro-vitamin A” or precursor for Vit. A that can be acquired from Pigmented fruits and vegetable
Carotenoids
44
What specific Carotenoid can be acquired from Pigmented fruits and vegetable
B-carotene
45
cleaved to form retinol in the intestinal
mucosa
Carotenoids
46
Carotenoids is aka ___
“Pro-vitamin A
47
precursor for Vit. A
Carotenoids
48
Carotenoids cleaved to form ___ in the ____
retinol;
intestinal mucosa
49
Ingestion of carotenoids provides____ of
the Vit. A requirement of the body
>50%
50
most abundant carotenoids
B-carotene
51
Form of Vit A that can be acquired from Animal products
retinyl esters
52
Functions of Vitamin A
● Visual cycle
● Cellular growth and differentiation
● Reproductive system
53
VITAMIN A:
In visual cycle, ___ are reduced to ___ by the action of
____ which happens in the ___ of the eyes
Retinol
retinal
NAD reductase
rods
54
VITAMIN A:
The retinal will form ___ with _____ forming ____
complex;
opsin;
rhodopsin
55
essential component which allows
dimlight vision
rhodopsin
56
Vit. A deficiency will result to ____ which is night blindness
Nyctalopia
57
night blindness
Nyctalopia
58
What are the 4 phases involved in the Absorption, Storage and Distribution of Vitamin A
1. Intestinal Lumen
2. Intestinal mucosal cell
3. Liver
4. Extrahepatic cell
59
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
1. In diet, we acquire ingested _____
(_____) or ______.
pro-vitamin;
carotenoids;
retinyl ester
60
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
2. Ingested _____ (from fruits and vegetables)
will be reabsorbed by ______
ß-carotene;
intestinal mucosal cells.
61
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
3. In the intestinal mucosal cell, B-carotene will
be _____ to form ____ and further
cleaved to form _____
cleaved;
retinal;
retinol
62
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
4. Ingested _____, will be cleaved to form
_____, which will be absorbed by the
______
retinyl ester;
retinol;
intestinal mucosal cell.
63
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
5. The absorbed retinol has two fates, either:
1. It can be ____ to form ____
2. It can be ____to ______
reduced; retinal
converted; retinyl ester
64
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
6. The ____ formed in the ____ will also be
converted to _____
retinol;
ß-carotene;
retinyl ester
65
storage form of Vit. A
Retinyl ester
66
Retinyl ester is the storage form of Vit. A,
particularly the form ______
palmitate
67
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
7. The retinyl ester formed will be transported to
the ____ for storage (____%). The remaining _____%
are converted back to _____
liver; 90%
10%; retinol
68
T/F: The remaining 10% of the retinyl ester formed will be converted back to retinol, if only the body requires Vitamin A
T
69
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
8. The retinol from the liver will go to the
______ wherein it has two phase:
1. It will be ____ again to______
2. It will be converted to _____ to ______
extrahepatic cells;
converted; retinyl ester
retinal; retinoic acid
70
Increased Level in Vitamin A
● Liver Damage
● Excessive intake
71
Decreased Level in Vitamin A
Nyctalopia
Xerophthalmia
Keratomalacia
Growth retardation
Dermatitis
Fat malabsorption
72
AKA night
blindness.
Nyctalopia
73
prolonged/chronic Nyctalopia may lead to ______
total blindness
74
condition wherein the conjunctiva becomes dry
with small gray plaques with foamy surfaces called ________
Xerophthalmia;
Bitot spots
75
results
to ulceration and
necrosis of the cornea
Keratomalacia
76
Keratomalacia results to ____ of cornea
opacity
77
VITAMIN A:
_____ (inc/dec) intake of carotenoids/carotenes is ____ (toxic/not toxic)
Increased
not toxic
78
VITAMIN A:
↑intake of carotenoids/carotenes is not toxic
unlike ↑intake of vit. A itself because carotenes
has:
→ _____
→ _____
→ Poor absorption
→ Limited conversion
79
VITAMIN A:
Chronic excessive intake of ____ will
produce _____
carotenoids;
carotenemia
80
yellowish discoloration of the skin
carotenemia
81
Method used in the Laboratory Analysis of Vitamin A
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
82
Using this method we can measure two forms
of vit. A
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
83
What are the two forms of Vitamin A that can be measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
Retinol
Retinyl esters
84
most commonly measured form of vitamin A
Retinol
85
Form of Vitamin A that assesses toxicity
Retinyl esters
86
4th vitamin to be discovered
VITAMIN D
87
Order of the discovery of vitamins
→ 1st = Vitamin A
→ 2nd = Vitamin B
→ 3rd = Vitamin C
→ 4th = Vitamin D
88
AKA “Sunshine Vitamin"
VITAMIN D
89
2 sterol derivative of Vitamin D
7-dehydrocholesterol;
Ergosterol
90
intermediate of cholesterol biosynthesis
7-dehydrocholesterol
91
7-dehydrocholesterol is synthesized by the ___
body
92
2 sterol derivative (7-dehydrocholesterol):
When ___ are synthesized,
7-dehydrocholesterol is also formed. In the
____ , in the presence of _____ from the _____,
they are converted to ______
cholesterol;
skin;
UV rays;
sun;
cholecalciferol
93
cholecalciferol is aka Vit. ___ ?
Vit. D3
94
plant sterol of Vitamin D
Ergosterol
95
2 forms of Vitamin D
- Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
- Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
96
natural form of Vit. D
Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
97
artificial form of Vit. D
Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
98
Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
(natural) is produced by the ___
body
99
Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
(artificial) is Formed by _______ (_____)
irradiating ergosterol (plant cells)
100
used in pharmaceutical products
ergosterol
101
T/F: Overexposure to sunlight will CAUSE
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D)
F; will NOT cause
102
T/F: Overexposure to sunlight will CAUSE
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D)
F; will NOT cause
103
Overexposure to sunlight will not cause
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D), why?
bec. it still
depends on the amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol
present in the body
104
biosynthesis of cholecalciferol is a process
called ____
photochemical cleaving
105
product in photochemical cleaving
cholecalciferol
106
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
1. The _____ formed (____form) from the
____is transported to the _____by two ____
which are _____ and ______
cholecalciferol;
inactive;
skin;
liver;
proteins;
cholecalciferol binding globulin (CBG);
Vitamin D binding globulin
107
What are the two proteins that transports cholecalciferol from the skin to the liver
cholecalciferol binding globulin (CBG) and
Vitamin D binding globulin
108
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
2. In the liver, cholecalciferol are ______ to form
______ or _____
hydroxylated;
25-hydroxycholecalciferol;
calcidiol
109
major transport form of Vit. D
25-hydroxycholecalciferol or calcidiol
110
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
3. In the kidney, the _____ are
further hydroxylated by ______ to form
_____ (____)
25-hydroxycholecalciferol;
α-1-hydroxylase;
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
111
enzyme produce by
PCT of the kidneys
α-1-hydroxylase
112
classified now as a hormone. AKA activated Vit. D3
Calcitriol
113
Calcitriol is AKA
activated Vit. D3
114
VITAMIN D: Function (Calcitriol)
Calcium and phosphate homeostasis
115
Vitamin D functions in Calcium and phosphate homeostasis of what tissue/organ
Bone
Intestine
Kidneys
116
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Bone: ___
: increased bone resorption
117
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Intestine: __
: increase absorption
118
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Kidneys: __
decrease excretion
119
VITAMIN D:
INCREASED LEVEL:
____
____
____
Hypercalcemia
Renal Damage
Heart Damage
120
VITAMIN D:
DECREASED LEVEL: __
● Hypoparathyroidism
● Liver Disease
● Anticonvulsant drugs
● Rickets
● Osteomalacia
121
Due to ↑ Ca
Renal Damage
122
INCREASED LEVEL:
Patients with renal damage are prone to have _____/_____
kidney stones/renal calculi
123
Due to
presence of
calcified
stones in the
arteries (can
lead to death)
Heart Damage
124
condition wherein the bones are very soft,
pliable, and deformed
Rickets
125
Rickets occur in ____
children
126
adult rickets
Osteomalacia
127
Osteomalacia occurs in ___
adult
128
Methods used in the laboratory analysis of VITAMIN D
→ Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass
spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS)
→ Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
129
most commonly measured form of VITAMIN D
Calcitriol
130
VITAMIN D: (LAB ANALYSIS)
Reference value of Calcitriol
22-42 ng/mL
131
VITAMIN E is AKA
tocopherols
132
● aka tocopherols
VITAMIN E
133
tocopherols came from words ___ & ____
tokos
pheris
134
tokos means
childbirth
135
pheris means
to bear
136
in the past, _____ is believed to be
required for ____ on some animals but not on
_____
Vit. E
fertility
human
137
T/F: in the past, Vit. E is believed to be
required for fertility on some animals but not on
human
T
138
Old Term of Vitamin E
: anti-sterility vitamin
139
Most potent biological antioxidant
VITAMIN E
140
primary defense against potentially harmful
oxidations that can cause disease and aging
VITAMIN E
141
What are the vitamers (isomers) of Vitamin E
- α-tocopherol
- ß-tocopherol
- γ-tocopherol
- δ-tocopherol
142
most potent and abundant form of Vitamers (isomers) of Vitamin E
α-tocopherol
143
Major sources of Vitamin E
Vegetable oil, nuts
144
Required in Absorption of Vitamin E
bile salts and dietary lipids
145
Vitamin E functions as: (4)
Antioxidant
Protect RBCs from hemolysis
Antiatherogenic
Neuromuscular function
146
Scavenges free radicals
Antioxidant function of VITAMIN E
147
Breaking lipid peroxidation chain
Antioxidant function of VITAMIN E
148
cleavage of FA at
unsaturated sites (w/ double bonds) by
adding oxygen across the double bond
and formation of free radicals
Peroxidation
149
cleavage of _____ at
_____ sites (w/ _____) by
adding ____ across the double bond
and formation of ______
FA;
unsaturated
double bonds
oxygen
free radicals
150
T/F Vit E can strengthen cell membrane
T ( FUNCTION: Protect RBCs from hemolysis)
151
Prevent peroxidation
VITAMIN E (Protect RBCs from hemolysis)
152
Reduces LDL oxidation
Antiatherogenic function of Vit. E
153
Decreased Level of Vitamin E is seen in:
● Normocytic, normochromic anemia
● Fat malabsorption
● Abetalipoproteinemia
● Cystic fibrosis
● Platelet aggregation
154
● Normocytic, normochromic anemia is seen in
Hemolytic anemia
155
T/F Vitamin E has no known toxicity related to
increased Vit. E concentration
T
156
Methods used in the laboratory analysis of Vitamin E
HPLC
157
most commonly measured form of Vitamin E
α-tocopherol
158
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN E:
α-tocopherol reference value
0.5-1 mg/dL
159
Came from a german word “Koagulation”
VITAMIN K
160
VITAMIN K Came from a german word “____”
“Koagulation”
161
Vitamin K is AKA
“Koagulation Vitamin
162
AKA “Koagulation Vitamin”
VITAMIN K
163
Group of substances that is essential for activation
of the prothrombin group of clotting factors
VITAMIN K
164
VITAMIN K are a group of substances that is essential for activation of the _______
prothrombin group of clotting factors
165
T/F: prothrombin group of clotting factors are vitamin K dependent
T
166
What are the prothrombin group of clotting factors
→ Factor II
→ Factor VII
→ Factor IX
→ Factor X
→ Protein S and Protein C
167
Prothrombin factor
Factor II
168
stable factor
Factor VII
169
plasma thrombin plasmin/
Christmas factor
Factor IX
170
Stuart-Prower factor
Factor X
171
Coenzyme for carboxylation of glutamyl residues of
certain proteins (clotting factors)
VITAMIN K
172
VITAMIN K is a coenzyme for ____ of _____ of
certain proteins (clotting factors)
carboxylation;
glutamyl residues
173
All forms of Vitamin K contains ___
naphthoquinone ring
174
T/F: all forms of VITAMIN K contains naphthoquinone ring, and all are the same
F; all contains naphthoquinone ring and only differs on
the R or side chain
175
What are the 3 forms of Vit. K
Phylloquinone (K1)
Menaquinone (K2)
Menadione (K3)
176
form of vit. K with 20 carbon chain
Phylloquinone (K1)
177
Abundant form of Vit. K present in plants
Phylloquinone (K1)
178
form of vit. K with 30 carbon chain
→ Menaquinone (K2)
179
form of vit. K that is Synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
→ Menaquinone (K2)
180
form of vit. K that Can be acquired from animal products
Menaquinone (K2)
181
form of vit. K with hydrogen
Menadione (K3)
182
form of vit. K with hydrogen
Menadione (K3)
183
form of vit. K which is the basis of the synthetic Vit. K
→ Menadione (K3)
184
T/F: Menadione (K3) is the basis of the synthetic Vit. K (majority are
related to menadione)
T
185
Two Sources of Vitamin K
● Plant and animal products
● Intestinal bacteria
186
● Intestinal bacteria is a source of Vitamin K contrbuting to how many %?
50%
187
Functions of Vitamin K
Activation of Clotting Factors
188
VITAMIN K FUNCTION:
Activation of Clotting Factors:
post-translational ____ of ____ residue of certain clotting factors (____) present in the ____ form called as _____
carboxylation;
glutamyl;
prothrombin group;
inactive;
zymogens
189
T/F: All clotting factors are produced by the liver
F; except for calcium (factor IV).
190
T/F: The clotting factors produced by the liver are in
active form
F; inactive form
191
inactive form of CF is AKA
zymogen
192
Zymogen contains _____
glutamyl residue.
193
VITAMIN K FUNCTION: (Activation of Clotting Factors)
The presence of Vit K and ____ will carboxylate
the ___ to form ______
CO2
zymogen
γ-carboxyglutamic acid
194
(activated form of CF
γ-carboxyglutamic acid
195
Serve as
binding site for calcium.
γ-carboxyglutamic acid
196
Decreased Level of Vitamin K is seen in
Antibiotic therapy
Warfarin (Coumadin) therapy
197
Why is vit K decreased during antibiotic therapy
since 50% of Vit K are synthesized by intestinal
bacteria which may be killed in the presence of
antibiotic
198
vitamin K antagonists
Warfarin (Coumadin) therapy
199
What is the role of vitamin K antagonists
contradict the action of
Vit. K
200
T/F: Toxicity/Increased Vitamin K is not common
among adult but increased Vitamin K in infants
may show hyperbilirubinemia
T
201
Toxicity/Increased Vitamin K is not common
among adult but increased Vitamin K in ___
may show ____
infants
hyperbilirubinemia
202
T/F: Decreased levels of Vit. K may lead to
hemorrhagic episodes bec. some CF
require Vit. K for it to be activated
T
203
____ (inc/dec) levels of Vit. K may lead to
____ bec. some CF
require Vit. K for it to be ____
Decreased
hemorrhagic episodes
activated
204
T/F: Quantitation of Vitamin K is performed in most
clinical laboratories
F; NOT PERFORMED
205
test used to assess Vit K
Prothrombin time
206
Reference value of Prothrombin time
11-15 seconds
207
Most functional indicator of Vitamin K status
Prothrombin time
208
prolonged prothrombin time (>15 secs) is an indication of
Vitamin K deficiency
209
Vitamin K deficiency: ____
prolonged prothrombin
time (>15 secs)
210
what ARE THE 2 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VIT. C AND B
211
VITAMIN C is AKA
Ascorbic acid
212
Ascorbic acid means
without scurvy
213
“a”
without
214
“scorbic”
scurvy
215
condition wherein there is
Vit. C deficiency
scurvy
216
Least stable of all vitamins
VITAMIN C
217
Can be easily destroyed by heat and oxidation
VITAMIN C
218
VITAMIN C:
2 Forms (isomers)
L-vitamin C
D-vitamin C
219
: functional form of vit C
L-vitamin C
220
non-functional form of Vit C
D-vitamin C
221
Sources of Vitamin C
● Citrus fruits
● Vegetables
222
T/F: Vit. C is not produced by high forms of mammals such as
humans.
t
223
Humans cannot produce Vit. C because
humans lack the enzyme ______
L-gluconolactone oxidase
224
imp. enzyme for Vit. C synthesis
L-gluconolactone oxidase
225
What are the functions of Vitamin C
● Reducing agent
● Antioxidant
● Collagen biosynthesis
● Norepinephrine biosynthesis
● Carnitine biosynthesis
● Bile acid biosynthesis
● Increase intestinal absorption of Iron
226
can reduce oxidants in the body
Vitamin C
227
is a supportive tissue (strengthens
blood vessel walls, plays role in bone and teeth
formation, formation of scars)
collagen
228
Norepinephrine biosynthesis or ___
dopamine biosynthesis
229
Decreased level of Vit. C is seen in
Scurvy
230
inability of the body to form adequate
connective tissue
Scurvy
231
Scurvy:
→ Reduced ____ of ______
→ ________
→ Reduced cross-linking of collagen fibers
→ Hemorrhagic disorders
232
SCURVY:
example of Hemorrhagic disorders
○ Bleeding gums
○ Impaired wound healing
○ Anemia
233
History of scurvy:
____ sailors on a long
voyage would likely not return home alive. Not
because they are killed or die in a storm but
because they develop a disease known as
____. Then, a british doctor found out that _____ can prevent the disease.
British;
scurvy;
lime juice
234
British are called as what
Limeys
235
Why are British called limeys
bec. they store large
amounts of lime juice on board
236
Why are British called limeys
bec. they store large
amounts of lime juice on board
237
Increased Level of Vitamin C is seen in
1. Increased kidney stone formation
2. Increased uric acid excretion
3. Excess iron absorption
238
What are the methods used for the laboratory analysis of Vitamin C
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
HPLC
239
HPLC stands for
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
240
Most widely used method in Lab analysis of vit C
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
241
Measures total vitamin C
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
242
what are the total vitamin C measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
✓ ascorbic acid
✓ dehydroascorbic acid
✓ diketogluconic acid
243
What are the interferences in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
✓ Amino acids
✓ Thiosulfates
244
Reference value in Lab analysis of Vitamin C
0.4-0.6 mg/dL
245
What are the 8 types of Vitamin B
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
e. B6 (Pyridoxine)
f. B12 (Cobalamins)
g. Folic acid
h. Biotin (Vitamin H)
246
Thiamine
B1
247
B1 (Thiamine) aka
“aneurine” or “anti-beriberi factor”
248
Aka “aneurine” or “anti-beriberi factor”
B1 (Thiamine)
249
First vitamin to be isolated in pure form
B1 (Thiamine)
250
Heat sensitive
B1 (Thiamine)
251
Active form of B1
: Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
252
Acts as a coenzyme for Oxidative
decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids and
carbohydrates
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
253
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) acts as a ____ for _____ of ____and
____
coenzyme;
Oxidative decarboxylation;
alpha-ketoacids;
carbohydrates
254
Decreased level of B1 (thiamine) is seen in
Beriberi
255
major cause of Decreased Level in B1 (thiamine)
chronic alcoholism
256
T/F chronic alcoholism impairs intestinal absorption of B1
korique
257
weakness of the muscle
Beriberi
258
Beriberi is associated with
partial paralysis of smooth muscle of the
GIT, skeletal muscle paralysis, and muscular
weakness
259
types of beriberi
Wet Beriberi
Dry Beriberi
Infantile Beriberi
Wernickle-Korsaroff syndrome
260
Beriberi with Cardiovascular System
(CVS) manifestation
Wet Beriberi
261
Beriberi with Central Nervous System
(CNS) manifestation
Dry Beriberi
262
Beriberi that occurs on infants born
to thiamine-deficient mothers
Infantile Beriberi
263
cerebral beriberi
Wernickle-Korsaroff syndrome
264
manifested with having
mental confusion, disorientation, and loss
of memory
Wernickle-Korsaroff syndrome
265
measures Vit B before and after addition of
Thiamine pyrophosphate/TPP
Erythrocyte Transketolase Activity
266
Erythrocyte Transketolase Activity measures Vit B before and after addition of ____
Thiamine pyrophosphate/TPP
267
thiamine deficiency indicates ____ in activity after
addition of TPP
25%↑
268
25%↑ in activity after
addition of TPP
Thiamine deficiency:
269
B2 is also called
Riboflavin
270
B2 is called riboflavin due to the presence of ____ in its
structure
ribose
271
Heat stable but it is light sensitive
B2 (Riboflavin)
272
Components of 2 coenzymes that catalyzed
oxidation-reduction reactions
B2 (Riboflavin)
273
what are the 2 coenzymes that catalyzed
oxidation-reduction reactions
→ Flavin mononucleotide
→ Flavin adenine dinucleotide
274
redox reactions that uses these 2 coenzymes that catalyzed
oxidation-reduction reactions
→ Carbohydrate
→ Protein
→ Fat metabolism
275
B2 (Riboflavin):
● Body stores: ___
up to 5 months
276
B2 (Riboflavin):
● Excretion: ___
Urine
277
B2 (Riboflavin):
● Sources: ___
milk, liver, eggs, meat, leafy vegetables
278
B2 (Riboflavin):
● Decreased level: _____, ____, ____
nutritional deficiencies, alcoholism, chronic diarrhea
279
○ indicator or riboflavin deficiency
Glutathione Reductase Activity (in lab analysis)
280
riboflavin deficiency %
↓40%
281
Generic term for Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
B3 (Niacin)
282
B3 (Niacin) is a generic term for ___ and ____
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
283
- given as a therapeutic agent to
decrease lipid level
Nicotinic acid
284
Component of 2 coenzymes (NAD, NADP)
B3 (Niacin)
285
→ These coenzymes are necessary for many
metabolic processes including:
____
____
_____
_____
NAD, NADP
○ tissue respiration
○ lipid metabolism
○ fatty acid metabolism
○ glycolysis
286
Niacin is unique because it can be produced by the
body using the amino acid ____
tryptophan
287
tryptophan can produced __
Niacin
288
____ of Tryptophan can produce ____ of Niacin
60 mg
1 mg
289
Heat resistant/stable
B3 (Niacin)
290
B3 (Niacin)
● Excretion: ____ (___)
Urine (N-methylnicotinamide/NMN)
291
B3 (Niacin)
● Toxicity seen in __
lipid-lowering therapies
292
B3 (Niacin)
● Decreased level is seen in
Pellagra
Hartnup Disease
293
cerebral/CNS disorder with decreased level of B3 (Niacin)
Pellagra
294
Pellagra is manifested
with:
○ Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea (3D)
○ Psychological disturbances,
hallucinations, delusions, dermatitis
showing a scaly sores in the skin
295
3D
Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
296
what disorder is manifested with:
○ Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea (3D)
○ Psychological disturbances,
hallucinations, delusions, dermatitis
showing a scaly sores in the skin
Pellagra
297
inherited condition wherein there is a defective intestinal absorption of
tryptophan
Hartnup Disease
298
results to defective
biosynthesis or in vivo production of
niacin
Hartnup Disease
299
Hartnup Disease results to
defective
biosynthesis or in vivo production of
niacin
300
T/F Hartnup Disease is related with niacin
F; Not related with niacin
301
Laboratory Analysis of B3 (Niacin)
→ NMN Urine Determination
302
B3 (Niacin):
Reference value (NMN) ___
2.4-6.4 mg/day (urine)
303
“Chick Antidermatitis Factor”
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
304
B5
Pantothenic Acid
305
B5 (Pantothenic Acid) aka
“Chick Antidermatitis Factor
306
B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Came from the greek word “___” which means “____”
“Pantos”
“everywhere”
307
ubiquitous, widely distributed
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
308
Growth factor In all types of animals and plants
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
309
Converted to 4’-phosphopantetheine (coenzyme
A)
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
310
B5 (Pantothenic Acid) is Converted to ____ (_____)
4’-phosphopantetheine;
coenzyme A
311
Deficiency in B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Burning Feet Syndrome
312
paresthesia of the
extremities
Burning Feet Syndrome
313
● Laboratory Analysis B5 (Pantothenic Acid):
→ Reference Value:
○ Whole Blood/Serum: ____
○ Urine: ___
○ Whole Blood/Serum: 344-583 ug/L
○ Urine: 1-15 mg/day
314
● Laboratory Analysis B5 (Pantothenic Acid):
→ Pantothenic Acid deficiency:
○ Whole Blood Levels: ____
○ Urine level: ___
○ Whole Blood Levels: <100 ug/L
○ Urine level: <1 mg/day
315
Lab analysis of
○ Whole Blood Levels: <100 ug/L
○ Urine level: <1 mg/day
is an indication of what?
Pantothenic Acid deficiency
316
Regarded as the “Sleeping Giant of Vitamins”
B6 (Pyridoxine)
317
B6
Pyridoxine
318
Pyridoxine
B6
319
B6 (Pyridoxine) is Regarded as
Sleeping Giant of Vitamins
320
ubiquitous/widely distributed; however, for
many years its clinical value is unknown
B6 (Pyridoxine
321
T/F: B6 (Pyridoxine) is ubiquitous/widely distributed; however, for many years its clinical value is unknown
T
322
B6 (Pyridoxine) Has three forms that are converted to _____
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
323
three forms of B6 (Pyridoxine)
→ Pyridoxine
→ Pyridoxal & Pyridoxamine
324
forms of B6 in plants
Pyridoxine
325
form of B6 in animals
Pyridoxal & Pyridoxamine
326
Important for synthesis, catabolism and
interconversion of amino acids
B6 (Pyridoxine)
327
Deficiency of B6 (Pyridoxine) is associated with
___
hyperhomocysteinemia
328
B6 (Pyridoxine):
● Laboratory Analysis:
→ _____
→ Reference value (PLP): ____
→ Plasma PLP levels
→ Reference value (PLP): 5-30 ng/mL
329
Vit. B6 Deficiency levels/ reference
<5 ng/mL
330
<5 ng/mL of the PLP level indicates
Vit. B6 Deficiency
331
Refers to large group of cobalt-containing
compounds
B12 (Cobalamins)
332
B12
Cobalamins
333
B12 (Cobalamins) bears a ____ with ____(____)
corrin ring
cobalt (cobamine)
334
All substance that contains corrin ring
corrinoids
335
Cobalamins are differentiated based on the
___ attached on the ___ atom
(oriented ___) of the _____
substituent;
cobalt;
up;
cobamide complex
336
Cobalamins with Cyanide attached
cyanocobalamin
337
Cobalamins with Methyl attached
methylcobalamin
338
Cobalamins with 5’-deoxyadenosine attached
deoxyadenosylcobalamin
339
Coenzyme for hematopoiesis and fatty acid
metabolism
B12 (Cobalamins)
340
Essential for DNA synthesis
B12 (Cobalamins)
341
B12 (Cobalamins):
SOURCE: ___ (___)
Animal products (intestinal microbial
synthesis)
342
The only vitamin that is not found in vegetables
B12 (Cobalamins)
343
T/F: B12 (Cobalamins) IS The only vitamin that is not found in vegetables. Hence, the reason why vegans/vegetarians are usually Vit. B12 deficient
T
344
B12 (Cobalamins)
● Absorption: ___
Ileum (Intrinsic Factor)
345
a protein produced by the
gastric parietal cells.
Intrinsic factor
346
B12 (Cobalamins):
DEFICIENCY: ____,___
- Pernicious anemia
- Fish tapeworm infection
347
lack of intrinsic factor
Pernicious anemia (Megaloblastic anemic)
348
○ Autoimmune disease wherein the body produced antibodies against the gastric parietal cells/intrinsic factor
Pernicious anemia (Megaloblastic anemic)
349
Px with Pernicious anemia shows ____
Glossitis
350
Inflammation of the tongue
Glossitis
351
Specie involved in fish tapeworm infection
Diphyllobothrium latum
352
D. latum can cause ____ bec. they compete with the absorption of ____ by the ____
Pernicious anemia;
Vitamin B12;
Intrinsic Factor
353
T/F D. latum can cause Pernicious anemia
T
354
B12 (Cobalamins):
REFERENCE RANGE: ___
110-800 pg/mL
355
Methods used in B12 (Cobalamins)
- Microbial assay
- Competitive Binding RIA
- Enzyme Immunoassay
356
Microbial assay under the lab analysis of the B12 uses what specie
Lactobacillus leichmannii
357
folic acid is aka
Folate or pteroylglutamic acid
358
Aka Folate or pteroylglutamic acid
Folic Acid
359
Coenzyme for carbon-transfer enzymatic reactions
Folic Acid
360
Folic Acid is Metabolically related to ____
Vitamin B12
361
Metabolically related to Vitamin B12
Folic Acid
362
Folic Acid sources:
- Intestinal microbial synthesis
- Green and leafy vegetables, fruits, organ meats, yeasts
363
Folic Acid Deficiency:
Megaloblastic anemia
364
Folic Acid Methods
- Erythrocyte Folate Concentration
- Microbial assay
- Competitive-Binding Assay
365
– best laboratory index of folate deficiency
Erythrocyte Folate Concentration
366
Specie used in microbial assay under folic acid
Lactobacillus casei
367
Vitamin H or
Biotin
368
Plays an integral role in the diff metabolic processes:
Biotin (Vitamin H)
369
metabolic processes that involves vit H
Gluconeogenesis
Lipogenesis
Fatty acid synthesis
370
Coenzyme for carboxylation reactions
Biotin (Vitamin H)
371
Biotin (Vitamin H) Deficiency:
- Patient receiving long-term parenteral nutrition
- Newborns with inborn-error-of metabolism
- Ingestion of large amount of avidin
372
glycoprotein found in raw egg white
avidin
373
can bind biotin causing deficiency in biotin
avidin
374
avidin can bind biotin causing ____in ___
deficiency ;
biotin
375
Biotin (Vitamin H)
Reference range: ___
200-500 pg/mL
376
Biotin (Vitamin H)
Methods:___
- Microbial assay
- Isotopic dilution
- Chemiluminescent assay
377
Microbial assay in Biotin (Vitamin H)
uses what Lactobacillus spp.
Lactobacillus plantarum
