Clinical Features of Ischaemic and Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are clinical features?
Things we use to diagnose a patient.
Signs and symptoms
What are symptoms?
What the patient tells you - history
What are signs?
What you can see/hear/feel - examination
List the 5 symptoms of heart disease and what causes them in a cardiac context?
Chest pain - ischemia Breathlessness - heart failure Ankle swelling - heart failure Palpitations - arrhythmia Faintness - low blood pressure, arrhythmia
List 5 signs in clothed patient?
General appearance - breathlessness, sweating Pulse - rate, rhythm Pulse pressure Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Peripheral oedema
List other signs in unclothed patient?
Heart sounds - murmurs
Lung sounds - inspiratory crackles, reduced breath sounds
What is ischaemic heart disease?
Heart disease caused by coronary artery narrowing and blockage
what 2 pathological process can lead to ischaemic heart disease?
Atherosclerosis = narrowing Thrombosis = blockage
What are the consequences of heart disease?
Angina due to narrowing, and myocardial infarction (blockage)
How to manage angina?
Stop and rest GTN spray Regular anti-anginas drugs Percutaneous coronary intervention Coronary artery bypass graft
What is primary prevention of MI?
In patients without heart disease
What is secondary prevention?
In patient in evidence of disease - angina
What precipitates angina?
Exercise, stress, cold
List some risk factors of heart disease?
Smoking, diabetes, hypertension, Increase clotting, poor diet, lack of exercise, age, male
List some prevention strategies of heart disease?
Primary - lifestyle (lose weight, reduce fat, stop smoking)
Treat hypertension
Anti-platelet groups
Secondary - ACE inhibitors and beat blockers post MI
Coronary intervention - bypass
What 3 cardiac investigations can be carried out?
ECG
Chest X-ray
Echocardiagram
What does an ECG show?
Changes during angina or MI and heart rhythm
What does a chest X-ray show?
Heat enlargement and pulmonary oedema
What does an echocardiogram show?
Structure and movement of valves and heart muscle , flow across valves
List 5 acute complications of MI
Arrhythmias - cardiac arrest
Heart failure - Cardiogenic shock (severe heart failure
Rupture of valve, septum
Aneurysm of left ventricle
List 4 chronic complications of MI
Chronic heart failure
Recurrent arrhythmias/risk of arrest
Angina
Further MI
Name 4 valves in the heart?
Mitral
Aortic
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
List 2 problems that can occur in heart valves?
Narrowing and leaking
What is the term used to describe a valve that has become narrow and can’t open properly?
Stenosis