Clinical Fundamentals 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure
A
Iatrogenic
2
Q
Leading nosocomial infection
A
UTI due to catheter use
3
Q
Bloodstream also at risk due to long term use of __________.
A
Vascular Access Devices (VAD)
4
Q
4 microorganisms:
A
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Viruses
5
Q
Bacteria is classified by _____ or _____.
A
Shape
Grouping
6
Q
Bacteria must be _____ to be seen under a microscope
A
Stained
7
Q
Bacteria that takes stain
A
Gram-Positive
8
Q
Bacteria that does not take stain
A
Gram-Negative
9
Q
Bacteria resistant to colorization by acid alcohol
A
Acid Fast
10
Q
Bacteria form a protective ________ until conditions are right to survive.
A
SPORE
11
Q
4 EXs of bacteria
A
TB
Strep Throat
Lyme Disease
Gonorrhea
12
Q
Fungi exists as ______ and ______.
A
Yeasts
Molds
(Ex: thrush)
13
Q
_______ are Protoza that move by Cilia, Pseudopod, or Flagella
A
Parasites
14
Q
Parasites are also Helminths. Helminths = ….
A
Worms
15
Q
______ are smallest microorganisms known to cause disease
A
Viruses
16
Q
______ attach itself to a specific host cell, invades it, then produces new viral particles as host is destroyed (“Lysis”)
A
Viruses
17
Q
5 EXs of Viruses
A
Flu Cold Mumps HIV Hepatitis
18
Q
4 elements needed to transmit infection
A
Infectious agent and reservoir
Environment
Portal of exit
Portal of entrance into host
19
Q
5 means of transmission
A
Direct or indirect contact Droplet Vehicle (food, water, drugs) Vector (insects, animals) Airborne
20
Q
Immune-suppressed persons at ______ risk
A
Greater
21
Q
3 methods of acquiring immunity
A
Active
Passive
Artificial Active
22
Q
Active Acquired Immunity
A
Antibodies produced in a person’s body
23
Q
Passive Acquired Immunity
A
Received from another person - short-term
24
Q
Artificial Active Acquired Immunity
A
From vaccination
25
4 process of infection
Incubation
Prodromal
Full Disease
Convalescent
26
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by ___________.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
27
HIV is a retrovirus that destroys ____ cells in immune system
T-4
28
There are ___ phases of infection.
| Person is not diagnosed with AIDS until stage ___.
5
| 5
29
4 common opportunistic infections are:
PCP
KS
AIDs dementia
Thrush
30
No vaccine for AIDs so treatment focuses on _________ virus in bloodstream
Decreasing
31
Always use ___________.
Standard Precautions
32
If accidentally exposed.....
Report it immediately
33
AIDs / HIV transmitted (3)
Blood to blood
Semen to blood
Mother to child
34
Viral hepatitis
Inflammation of liver
35
6 types of Viral Hepatitis
```
A
B
C
D
E
G
```
36
___ and ___ viral hepatitis spread via fecal to oral route, others via blood
A
| E
37
HC workers are at risk for _________.
| Avoid ______ sticks and _______ exposure.
Hepatitis B
Needle
Blood
38
Caused by AFB, mainly affects lungs but can affect other parts of body
Tuberculosis (TB)
39
______ skin test done to detect TB - also CXR
PPD (Purified Protein Derivative)
40
If pt is suspected of having TB, HC worker should wear ____ respirator mask and put _______ mask on patient if leaving their room
N95
| Regular
41
Skin infection common in patients
MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureaus)
42
MRSA stands for
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureaus
43
15 second hand wash should ____ and ____ each patient contact
Precede
| Follow
44
Best way to break cycle of infectivity
Hand washing
45
Standard Precautions Tier 1
Protect against blood / body fluids everyday with PPE
46
PPE
Gloves
Gown
Goggles
Mask
47
True or false: it is okay to recap needles
Never
48
Have sharps container .....
Near work site
49
Disinfect items appropriately by _____ and ____ means
Mechanical
| Chemical
50
Transmission Based Precautions
Tier 2 - isolation
51
When microbes are suspended in air and may be inhaled
Airborne precaution
52
When droplets are in air via coughing or sneezing
Droplet precaution
53
Touch contaminated body surface
Direct contact precaution
54
Touch contaminated object = fomite
Indirect contact precaution
55
Highly susceptible patient (aka strict, protective, reverse isolation)
Expanded Precautions
56
Clean portable, wear PPE, wash hands for 3 minutes when entering _____.
NICU
57
Infections that are acquired in course of medical care
Nosocomial
58
4 Vitals
Pulse
BP
Respirations
Temperature
59
Do you need a dr orders to take vitals?
No
60
Physiologic balance between heat produced and heat lost
Temperature
61
Pyrexia
Fever
62
Hypoxia
Below normal body temperature
63
Oral temperature
98.6
64
Axillary temperature
97.6
65
Rectal temperature
99.6
66
Aural temperature
97.6
67
Ty,panic Thermometer used for _____ temperature
Aural
68
Has a blunt tip and red cover
Rectal thermometer
69
Pulse over heart found with stethoscope
Apical
70
Usually take pulse at ______ artery
Radial
71
Why should you not use your thumb to take a pulse?
It has a pulse of its own
72
Normal average adult pulse
60-90 BPM
73
Abnormally rapid heart rate (+ 100 BPM)
Tachycardia
74
Abnormally slow heart rate (less than 60 BPM)
Bradycardia
75
Respiratory System exchanges _____ for carbon dioxide
Oxygen
76
Deoxygenated blood returns to ____ side of heart through vena cava
Right
77
Oxygenated blood pumped out of _____ side through Aorta
Left
78
Average adult respirations
16-20 BPM
79
Blue discoloration due to less than 10 breaths/min
Cyanosis
80
Difficult breathing; shortness of breath
Dyspnea
81
Do NOT tell patient you are assessing their respirations or it may alter their breathing --- pretend you are....
Still taking their pulse
82
Amount of blood flow ejected from left ventricle during Systole and amount of resistance blood meets due to systemic vascular resistance
Blood Pressure
83
Highest point during contraction of left ventricle (top #)
Systolic / systole
84
Lowest point to which pressure drops during relaxation of ventricles (bottom #)
Diastole
85
Normal adult range for systolic
90-120 mm. Hg
86
Normal adult range for diastolic
50-70 mm. Hg
87
Baseline pulse and BP should always be taking and recorded prior to ....
Injection of iodine contrast
88
Use ___________ and ________________ to asses BP
Stethoscope
| Sphygmomanometer
89
Lungs supply ____ and remove _____ from body via alveoli
O2
| CO2
90
Measure blood gases via ______ artery stick
Radial
91
Inadequate oxygen in arterial blood
Hypoxemia
92
Excessive carbon dioxide in arterial blood
Hypercapnia
93
__________ is used to monitor oxygen saturation of Hemoglobin using a sensor on a fingertip or earlobe
Pulse Oximeter
94
True or false: Oxygen is not volatile
False, it is extremely volatile
95
Should you set the oxygen first or place the device on the pt first?
Set oxygen first then place device on pt
96
Too much oxygen in a pt with COPD can ____ them
Kill
97
Disposable plastic device with 2 nose prongs; used most often; runs on 1-4 LPM
Nasal cannula
98
Face mask must be run at atleast ____ LPM to flush out carbon dioxide
5
99
Partially or fully controls patients breathing
Mechanical ventilator
| Respirator
100
Called to summon emergency response team
Stat page
| Code blue
101
Used to asses neurological response
Glasgow Coma Scale
102
Maximum score for Glasgow Coma Scale
15
103
Glasgow Coma Scale evaluates... (3)
"Eyes open"
"Motor response"
"Verbal response"
104
Shock is body's pathological reaction to... (3)
Illness
Trauma
Stress
105
______ shock results when patient loses 15-20% of body fluids from hemorrhage, burns, vomiting, diarrhea
Hypovolemic
106
_______ shock is caused by failure of heart to pump adequate blood to vital organs. (Ex: MI, cardiac tamponade, dysrhythmias)
Cardiogenic
107
______ shock results from loss of nerve tone causing pooling of blood (Ex: spinal cord injury, depressant meds, anesthesia)
Neurogenic
108
______ shock is caused by bacteria - most likely seem in ICU/ER portable situations
Septic
109
_______ shock is from severe allergic reaction to antigen. (Ex: iodine contrast, meds, insects)
Anaphylactic
110
Most common type of shock seen in X-ray department
Anaphylactic
111
Student ______ sign as witness but _____ explain consent form
Cannot
| Can
112
Type of diabetes onset before 30 and needs insulin injections
Type 1
113
Diabetes type that onsets after 40 and can hopefully be controlled by diet and exercise
Type 2
114
Type of diabetes that occurs in late stages of pregnancy
Gestational
115
What happens when pt has taken insulin but not eating - they need sugar
Hypoglycemia
116
What happens when pt has ate but did not take insulin - they need insulin
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
117
______ shock results when patient loses 15-20% of body fluids from hemorrhage, burns, vomiting, diarrhea
Hypovolemic
118
_______ shock is caused by failure of heart to pump adequate blood to vital organs. (Ex: MI, cardiac tamponade, dysrhythmias)
Cardiogenic
119
______ shock results from loss of nerve tone causing pooling of blood (Ex: spinal cord injury, depressant meds, anesthesia)
Neurogenic
120
______ shock is caused by bacteria - most likely seem in ICU/ER portable situations
Septic
121
_______ shock is from severe allergic reaction to antigen. (Ex: iodine contrast, meds, insects)
Anaphylactic
122
Most common type of shock seen in X-ray department
Anaphylactic
123
Student ______ sign as witness but _____ explain consent form
Cannot
| Can
124
Type of diabetes onset before 30 and needs insulin injections
Type 1
125
Diabetes type that onsets after 40 and can hopefully be controlled by diet and exercise
Type 2
126
Type of diabetes that occurs in late stages of pregnancy
Gestational
127
What happens when pt has taken insulin but not eating - they need sugar
Hypoglycemia
128
What happens when pt has ate but did not take insulin - they need insulin
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
129
Coma complication of type 2 diabetes
Diabetic Coma
130
Caused by occlusion of blood to brain, rupture of brain vessel resulting in blood in brain
CVA / Stroke
131
Causes hemipariesis, dysphasia, etc
CVA / Stroke
132
STRoke =
Smile
Talk
Raise arms
133
When pt is having a stroke, get pt to ER stat for _____ busting drugs
Clot
134
_____ arrest requires CPR
Cardiac
135
CABs =
Circulation
Airway
Breathing
136
4 steps when someone is in cardiac arrest
Look
Listen
Feel
Call 911
137
_____ compression-to-breaths for adult and child 1 man CPR
30:2
138
Place electrodes on pt's chest, follow instructions for shock and compressions as needed
AED
139
Abdominal thrust (Heimlich) or Chest Thrust if obese or pregnant
Airway Obstruction
140
_____ do a blind finger sweep
Never
141
Thrashing on ground, protect from injury
Generalized
| Grand Mal Seizure
142
Facial grimacing, lip smacking, etc
Partial
| Petit Mal Complex Seizure
143
Finger shake, speak unintelligibly
Partial simple
| Absence seizure
144
______ can be caused by flashing lights or video games
Seizures
145
Fainting; put head below knees or lay pt down and elevate their feet
Syncope
146
Give pt a guide to demonstrate their pain (2 types)
Numbers (1-10)
| Pictures of faces
