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R&B: Mechanisms of disease and Immunology > Clinical immunology chapter 1: The Immune System > Flashcards

Clinical immunology chapter 1: The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

Innate: immediate response and action against pathogens in a somewhat unspecific manner
Adapted: require priming with pathogen, cell co-stimulation and activation before function, and development of memory.

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2
Q

2 central immune system organs

A

Bone marrow, thymus

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3
Q

5 peripheral immune system organs

A

LN, spleen, MALT, BALT, GALT

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4
Q

Where fo cells circulating in the lymphatic re-enter the blood?

A

thoracic duct

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5
Q

define diapedesis

A

the process of extravasation of leukocytes from the blood stream into tissues

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6
Q

3 pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

TNF-alpha;IL-1; IL-6

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7
Q

name 2 chemokines

A

IL-8, C5a

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8
Q

name 2 endothelial adhesion molecules

A

selelectins (e.g., E. selectin), integrins (e.g., VCAM-1)

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9
Q

name 3 leukocyte associated adhesion molecules

A

L-selectin, integrin CD11a-CD18, LFA-1

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10
Q

3 types of PRRs on myeloid cells

A

TLRs, NOD-like receptors, RIG-1 receptors (RLRs)

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11
Q

What is PAMP? Give 3 examples

A

pathogen associated molecular pattern, e.g., LPS, flagellin, viral DNA/RNA, bacterial peptidoglycans

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12
Q

what is DAMP

A

damage associated molecular pattern

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13
Q

what do phagolysosomes contain?

A

ROS (H2O2, hypochlorite, superoxide), nitrogen reactive species (peroxynitries) and the pathogen phagocytosed.

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14
Q

what makes phagocytosis more efficient?

A

opsonisation

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15
Q

M1 cells are

A

pro-inflammatory

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16
Q

M2 cells are

A

anti-inflammatory. Involved in tissue repair

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17
Q

M1 cells are activated by

A

TLR4

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18
Q

M2 cells are activated by

A

IL-4

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19
Q

M1 cells secrete

A

IL-12, IL-23, TNG-alpha

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20
Q

M2 cells secrete

A

IL-10

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21
Q

Dendritic cells express MHC..

A

II

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22
Q

Dendritic cell MHCII is recognised by which type of T cell

A

CD4+

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23
Q

what are the cell markers for myeloid recognition?

A
  • CD11b
    • CD14
    • CD172a
    • CD86
    • CD250
      MHCII
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24
Q

which IL activates eosinophils?

A

IL-5

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25
basophil/ mast cell degranulation releases
histamine, leukotrienes, heparin, proteolytic enzymes, IL-4
26
Describe the structure of a BCR
Cell surface bound IgM and supporting transmembrane proteins (CD19, CD79a, CD79b).
27
Describe the structure of Ig
○ two heavy chains (with variable and constant regions) ○ two light chains (also with variable and shorter constant regions) ○ form a ‘Y’ shaped structure. ○ The heavy and light chain variable regions (forming the ‘V’) bind to antigens; and the heavy chain constant region (the ‘I’) determines the immunoglobulin isotype and promotes specific immune functions
28
What causes B cell diversity?
DNA recombination during development, addition of NT during recombination, point mutations.
29
Cell markers for B cell recognition
B220, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD79a, IgG, IgM
30
2 tupes of TCRs
alpha-beta, gamma-delta
31
cell markers for alpha-beta T cells
CD3, CD4, CD9
32
T cells that reconise MHCI are
CD8+ (cytotoxic)
33
T cells that recognise MHCII are
CD4+ (helper)
34
Gamma-delta T cells secrete
IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-4 on activation
35
gamma-delta T cells differe from alpha-beta in that they can bind
whole molecules without MHC molecules
36
T regs (CD4+) secrete
IL-10, TGR-beta
37
Cell markers for Tregs are
CD4, CD25, FoxP3, IL-10 NB: these are also present on CD4+ effector T cells
38
3 mechanisms of CD8+ T cell activation
antigen presentation via MHC class I on APCs (cross-presentation) co-stimulation from molecules expressed on activated CD4+ T cells IFN-gamma (from CD4+ cells)
39
How do CD8+ cells kill cells
perforins, granzymes
40
what is the NK cell receptor calles
KIR: killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor
41
3 methods of NK cell activation
cells that do not express MHCI IgG bound to target cells expressing non self antigen (=ADCC) lectins
42
NK cellular marker
CD16
43
NK cells secrete what cytokines?
IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF- alpha
44
MCHI is expressed on
all nucleated cells
45
MCHII is expressed on
APCs, lymphocytes and activated endothelial cells
46
3 arms of the complement cascade
classical, lectin, alternative
47
What is the ultimate outcome of the complement system?
MAC: membrane attack complex.
48
CD? secretes ? costimulator molecules to aid in B cell activation
CD4+ Th cells, CD40-40L and CD86-CD28
49
Which IL induces Th1 cells?
IL-12
50
Which IL induces Th2 cells?
IL-4
51
Which IL induces Th17 cells?
IL-23
52
3 mechanisms by which Ag may reach B cells
LN through lymph Spleen through blood MALT through M cells in mucosal epithelium
53
What is required for B cell transformation into plasma cells?
IL-4 from CD4+ Th cells
54
what is somatic hypermutation?
Rapidly proliferating B cells develop point mutations in the Ig variable region that allows for increased affinity and avinity for triggering Ag.
55
What is affinity maturation?
The Ig is then re-tested against the Ag by other dendritic cells. If there is an improvement, CD4+ Th cells secrete survival signals
56
What determines the Ig isotype produced by plasma cells?
Cytokines from interacting T cells
57
2 fates of B cells
differentiate into plasma cells, secrete Ig Differentiate into memory cells that can be activated on subsequent exposure.
58
What types of Ig do horses have?
IgM IgA IgE IgD 7 types of IgG
59
What allows the absoption of colostral IgG in the neonatal intestine?
* Colostral IgG is actively transported across the intestinal epithelium via the neonatal Fc receptor(FcRn).
60
The prevalent isotype of Ig in primary immune responses is
IgM
61
IgA is produced in its monomeric form in
lymph nodes and spleen
62
IgA is produced in its dimeric form in
lamina propria of MALTs
63
IgE is associated with which cells
eosinophils, mast cells
64
Why is phagocytosis inefficient in foals with low circulating IgG levels?
Few Ag specific Ig for opsonisation
65
4 mechanisms of autoimmunity
Failure of the anti-idiotype control mechanism of antibody production may facilitate the circulation of autoantibodies: molecular mimicry of microbes and self-epitopes may result in immune responses that overcome immunological tolerance and lead to tissue injury. Exposure of self-antigens present in systems that are not normally visited by lymphocytes (e.g., breakdown of the blood-brainbarrier or blood-ocular-barrier) the development of new epitopes on self-proteins (e.g., infection with viruses, exotoxin damage of cell membranes, penicillin hapten binding to red cell membrane, or exposure to chemicals)
66
Describe TI HS and give examples
e.g., urticaria, insect-bite hypersensitivity, and food allergy) are mediated by antigenspecific IgE, mast cells, basophils and their mediators
67
Describe TII HS and give examples
(e.g., immune-mediated hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia, pemphigus foliaceus, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, drug hypersensitivity) involve auto-antibodies IgM or IgG against self cell-surface or extracellular matrix antigens. The antibodies function as opsonins, activating neutrophils and complement.
68
Describe TIII HS and give examples
(e.g., purpura hemorrhagica, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, serum sickness, Arthus reaction) are promoted by the random deposition of antigen-antibody immune-complexes in capillary vessels, with subsequent activation of neutrophils and complement .
69
Describe TIV HS and give examples
(e.g., granulomas, tuberculin test, contact dermatitis) are mediated by sensitized CD4+ T cells (Th1) and CD8+ T cells (direct cytotoxic effect), which secrete inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma that induces infiltration and activation of macrophages

R&B: Mechanisms of disease and Immunology (6 decks)

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