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R&B: Mechanisms of disease and Immunology > Viral Infection > Flashcards

Viral Infection Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Which viral family does Equine Influenza belong to?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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2
Q

What are the common symptoms of Equine Influenza?

A

High fever, coughing, nasal discharge.

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3
Q

Why is Equine Influenza economically impactful?

A

Disruption of equine events.

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4
Q

Which Equine Herpesvirus types can cause rhinopneumonitis and abortion?

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4.

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5
Q

What is the vector for African Horse Sickness?

A

Culicoides midges.

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6
Q

How is Equine Infectious Anemia primarily transmitted?

A

Through blood-feeding insects.

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7
Q

Name three Equine Encephalitis viruses.

A

Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis.

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8
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Encephalitis viruses?

A

Mosquitoes

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9
Q

Why is specific therapy challenging for viral infections in horses?

A

Antiviral drugs are generally ineffective, impractical, or prohibitively expensive.

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10
Q

What is the primary focus of treatment for most viral infections in horses?

A

Supportive care and control of secondary complications.

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11
Q

Why are viral populations called quasispecies?

A

RNA polymerase has a low fidelity and lacks proof reading capabilities.

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12
Q

What are 2 enveloped dsDNA viruses?

A

Herpes, pox

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13
Q

What is a non-enveloped dsDNA viruse?

A

Adenovirus

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14
Q

name 2 nonenveloped dsRNA viruses

A

reoviridae, birnaviridae

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15
Q

name 2 ssRNA non-enveloped viruses

A

picornaviruses, caliciviruses

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16
Q

Name 4 enveloped ssRNA viruses

A

coronaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, flaviviruses, retroviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, togaviruses, rhabdoviruses…

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17
Q

What are the three main control strategies for equine viral diseases?

A

Vaccination, quarantine, destruction of infected animals.

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18
Q

What is the significance of recognizing weakly pathogenic viruses in horses?

A

Many viruses are of no practical clinical significance; no control efforts are warranted.

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19
Q

What is the primary structure of all viruses?

A

DNA or RNA genome enclosed by a capsid.

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20
Q

Why are enveloped viruses highly susceptible to inactivation?

A

Due to their fragile lipid membrane.

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21
Q

What determines the strategies for viral genome replication and mRNA transcription?

A

Type of viral genome (RNA or DNA) and its polarity.

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22
Q

What is the clinical significance of viral RNA polymerases?

A

They are important targets for antiviral drugs.

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23
Q

What is a quasi-species in the context of viral infections?

A

A population of viruses with slight genetic variations.

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24
Q

What is the primary clinical significance of enveloped viruses?

A

They are susceptible to inactivation by heat, desiccation, or detergents.

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25
What are the key steps in the viral life cycle?
Attachment, entry, uncoating, transcription, translation, replication, assembly, release.
26
How does Equine Influenza primarily spread?
Short-distance aerosols or arthropod vectors.
27
What is the significance of cell lysis in the spread of viral infections?
It leads to cell death and the release of progeny virions.
28
How can viral infections cause neoplastic transformation?
Viral proteins may activate the cell cycle.
29
What is the difference between virologic latency and persistent infections?
Latency involves the presence of a silent viral genome, while persistent infections have continual replication.
30
What triggers the reactivation of latent herpesviruses?
Stressors such as immunosuppression or other stress factors.
31
What factors influence the severity of disease in a virus-infected horse?
Viral virulence, host factors (age, genetics), and environmental factors (stress, nutrition).
32
How does genetic variability impact the susceptibility of a population to viral diseases?
In an outbred population, there is considerable variation in disease signs.
33
What is the primary determinant of viral virulence?
Host cell tropism and replication rate.
34
What is the significance of localized viral infections?
They are restricted to a single organ system, often at the site of entry.
35
What is the classic paradigm for a systemic viral infection?
Infection at the site of entry, followed by viremia, dissemination, and amplification.
36
How can temperature sensitivity influence viral infections?
Some viruses remain localized due to an inability to replicate efficiently at core body temperatures.
37
What are some factors influencing disease outcome in a virus-infected horse?
Age, genetics, environmental factors, and viral virulence.
38
How do immune-mediated responses contribute to viral diseases?
They can cause host cell destruction and inflammation.
39
What is the role of Equine Immune Responses in controlling viral infections?
They are crucial for preventing and managing viral diseases.
40
What is the concept of genetic differences in susceptibility to viral diseases?
There is variation in clinical disease within populations due to genetic factors.
41
How does host genetics influence virus tropism?
Genetic factors can impact the tissues targeted by the virus.
42
What are the two primary mechanisms of immunologic avoidance by viruses?
Antigenic variation and alteration of neutralizing viral antigens.
43
What is antigenic variation in viruses?
Alteration of viral antigens to avoid recognition by host immune responses.
44
How can antigenic shifts influence viral outbreaks?
They may render preexisting immunity ineffective, causing high morbidity and mortality rates.
45
What is the primary requirement for viruses to be maintained in nature?
Successful persistence in a reservoir host and transmission to susceptible hosts.
46
How do rapidly replicating viruses like influenza evade host immune responses?
They shed and transmit virus before specific antiviral immune responses can be mounted.
47
What is one important obstacle to persistence and transmission for viruses?
Detection and elimination by the host immune system.
48
What is virologic latency?
Presence of a viral genome without producing infectious virus.
49
How do herpesviruses achieve latency?
Latent infections are established in the nuclei of sensory neurons.
50
What is the significance of genetic differences in susceptibility in inbred populations?
Inbreeding may lead to uniform susceptibility to a viral disease.
51
What is the primary determinant of disease manifestation in viral infections?
The affected organ system, number of cells destroyed, and sensitivity of the organ system to dysfunction.
52
How do immune responses contribute to disease in viral infections?
They can cause host cell destruction and inflammation.
53
What are the two main mechanisms of immune-mediated pathologic responses in viral diseases?
Immune complex-mediated responses and inflammatory reactions.
54
How does host genetics influence tropism and immune responses in viral infections?
Genetic factors can impact virus tropism and variations in immune responses
55
What is the primary difference between localized and systemic viral infections?
Localized infections are restricted to a specific organ, while systemic infections disseminate to multiple tissues.
56
What factors can influence the severity of clinical disease in a group of animals infected with the same viral strain?
Age, genetics, environmental factors, and viral virulence can lead to variation in disease signs.
57
Label this
1. virion attaches to hose cell membrane. 2. forms an endosome and is translocated to the nucleus. 3a. transcription of genome by viral polymerases 3b. replication of viral RNA 4. mRNAs migrate to cytoplasm for translation 5a. some proteins move back to the nucleus to bund newly synthesised viral RNAs to form a nucleocapsid. 5b. postranslational processing of some cell surface proteins/glycoproteins 6. Surface proteins are inserted into the nucleocapsid to form a virion. 7. virions bud from the infected cell.
58
Give 5 virus life cycle steps
attachment and entry uncoating and genome release transcription and translation replication and assembly release of progeny virions
59
How do oncogenic retroviruses induce neoplastic transformation?
Integration into the host cell genome and activation of cellular oncogenes.
60
Give 3 examples of viruses causing localised infections in the horse
influenza enteric rotavirus EHV-3
61
Describe the steps often seen in systemic viral infections.
Localised replication first occurs at the site of entry and in localised LN. Clinical disease may or may not be present at this stage. The virus then enters blood and lymphatics (first wave viraemia), spreads to other organs (typically spleen and liver) -> clinical disease. A second, amplified wave of viraemia occurs.
62
Give an example of a systemic viral infection in horses.
EHV-1
63
In which WBC is the EHV-1 cell associated viraemia?
lymphocytes
64
Give 4 ways that viruses may cause pathology to a cell.
virally mediated cell death altered target cell function altered bacterial flora/ barrier function indiscriminate inflammatory/ immune mediated responses
65
Give 3 mechanisms by which viruses may evade the immune system
latency destruction of immune cells antigenic variation (shift and drift)
66

R&B: Mechanisms of disease and Immunology (6 decks)

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