clinical microscopy Flashcards
(56 cards)
overall evaluation of renal function
urinalysis
basic functional unit of kidneys
nephron
what has glomerulus (tuft of capillaries), renal tubules (PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting)
Nephron
3 processes of urine formation
- Glomerular Filtration
- Tubular Reabsorption
- Tubular Secretion
Function of the Nephron
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
what function of the nephron is described:
in the glomerulus, blood plasma and dissolved substances get filtered into the glomerular capsule
Filtration
what function is the nephron is described:
all along the renal tubule and collecting duct, water, ions, reabsorbed from the renal tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries and ultimately into the blood.
Reabsorption
Types of urine Specimen
a. Early morning urine
b. Random urine
c. Fasting/post prandial urine
d. Timed urine
preferred because it is more concentrated from overnight retention in the bladder; good for protein analysis
early morning urine
collected any time of the day
random urine
for glucose determination
fasting/post prandial urine
for clearance test
timed urine
RU
a. types of specimen
b. method of collection
c. specimen handling
d.effects of unpreserved urine
- clean midstream catch
- catheterization
method of collection
- must be analyzed within 1 hour of collection if stored at room temperature
- refrigerate @ 2-8C for not more than 8 hours (uf delay examination)
specimen handling
- bacterial multiplication cause (+) nitrite test
- pH alkalinization leads to cast degeneration and RBC lysis
effects of unpreserved urine
- urease-producing organisms will degrade urea to ammonia
- loss of CO2
effects of unpreserved urine
steps in RU
A. Physical Examination
B. Chemical Examination: Reagent Strip Method
C. Microscopic Examination
under physical examination
a.1 color
a.2 odor
a.3 turbidity (transparency/clarity)
a.4 volume
a.5 specific gravity (SG)
- attributed to pigments: urochrome, urobilin, uroerythrin
- a rough indication if the state if hydration of an individual
Color
gross appearance
physical examination
when color is dark
it means it is more concentrated
purple color of urine
does not exist
- has little diagnostic significance; not included in the routine
- result
- aromatic dye to presence of volatile acids
- suggestive of freshness of the sample
odor
