Clinical Neuro/ Collapse

Question 1

Sudden death

Answer 1

Question 2

DDX individual animal sudden death

Answer 2

Question 3

Haemorrhage

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Peracute toxaemia

Answer 5

Question 6

Trauma

Answer 6

Question 7

Iatrogenic causes of sudden death

Answer 7

Question 8

Sudden death in groups of animals

Answer 8

Question 9

Electrocution

Answer 9

* Mains electricity

• Especially around sheds, pole and water
• Kills people too

Question 10

Anaphylaxis

Answer 10

Question 11

Nutritional poisonings

Answer 11

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

Cyanide – sudden death in a herd

Answer 15

Question 16

Blue Green Algae herd sudden death

Answer 16

Question 17

OPs and Monensin poisoning?

Answer 17

Question 18

Urea– sudden death

Answer 18

Question 19

Nutritional deficiencies that cause sudden death

Answer 19

Question 20

Infectious agents that result in sudden death

Answer 20

Question 21

Blackleg

Answer 21

Question 22

Black disease

Answer 22

Question 23

Anthrax

Answer 23

Question 24

Summary sudden death

Answer 24

Question 25

Down cow? Downer cow? Downer cow syndrome?

Answer 25

Question 26

Sternal recumbency

Answer 26

Question 27

Lateral recumbency

Answer 27

Question 28

Aetiology musculoskeletal? Toxaemia? Metabolic? Misc?

Answer 28

Question 29

Assessment of the Down Cow

Answer 29

Question 30

Exam of the down cow

Answer 30

Question 31

Answer 31

Prop up cows that are in lateral recumbency!

Question 32

Answer 32

Question 33

Clues from the posture

Answer 33

Question 34

Answer 34

Hyper-alert and aggressive

Question 35

Presentation-- musculoskeletal? Acute systemic/toxic? metabolic?

Answer 35

Question 36

Prolonged recumbency?

Answer 36

Question 37

Differentiate Down cows into?

Answer 37

Question 38

Musculoskeletal down cows?

Answer 38

Question 39

Lifting cows for examination

Answer 39

Question 40

Musculoskeletal assessment-- back examination?

Answer 40

Question 41

Lumbosacral ligament examination?

Answer 41

Question 42

Limb examination?

Answer 42

\* Limb assessment (in lateral or hanging) - manipulate each limb -- ability to extend and flex to full extent -- abduct in normal range -- crepitus or laxity in hip/stifle -- Crepitus or laxity in hip/stifle -- cruciate rupture (pain on stifle flexion) -- palpate full leg for heat/swelling

Question 43

Answer 43

Gastrocnemius rupture

Question 45

Femoral n. ? Sciatic n.? Obturator n.?

Answer 45

Question 46

Assessing nerve and motor function

Answer 46

Question 47

Diagnosis of limb fractures and dislocations? Spinal fractures?

Answer 47

Question 48

Answer 48

Question 49

Picture.. but also downer cow syndrome?

Answer 49

Question 50

Answer 50

Question 51

Prognosis of Radial n. paralysis

Answer 51

Question 52

Calving paralysis prognosis

Answer 52

Question 53

Femoral n. injuries

Answer 53

Question 54

Prognosis of: Obturator n. injury? Lumbosacral injury? Non-responsive milk fever? Radial n. injury?

Answer 54

Question 55

Poor prognostic signs

Answer 55

Question 56

Treatment of downer cows

Answer 56

Question 57

Important points sudden death

Answer 57

Question 58

Answer 58

Brown MM

Question 59

Causes of recumbency--\> MTMM

Answer 59

Musculoskeletal issues Toxaemia Metabolic Miscellaneous (e.g. parturition, exhaustion)

Question 60

Answer 60

Question 61

Answer 61

Grass tetany (hypomagnesium)

Question 62

Preg Toxaemia

Answer 62

The problem occurs because a certain amount of glucose is needed by the liver to enable it to utilise the incoming fat. If the fat is coming in faster than the liver can make glucose, such as when the animal has very little quality feed, the fat starts to build up in the liver. The liver becomes enlarged, pale and fatty, and ketones build up to excessive levels in the blood, and start to affect the brain. Brain function is affected and the animal stops eating. This process is not easy to reverse. Treatment: IV fluids, C-section, or induction of calving Sometimes injections of glucose, calcium borogluconate and magnesium salts under the skin are used, but these are far more likely to be effective if given intravenously by a veterinarian. Oral treatments of propylene glycol and electrolytes are also useful to treat mild cases.

Question 63

Down cow? Downer cow? Downer cow syndrome? Springer? Close up?

Answer 63

Question 64

Downer cows

Answer 64

Most conditions occur close to calving Most conditions are influenced by pre-calving nutrition \*\* Nutrition around calving-- transition period is 4 weeks before to 4 weeks after calving.... this period is a major focus for farmers, vets, and advisors

Question 65

Pre-calving nutrition

Answer 65

Question 66

Answer 66

Question 67

Aims of transition

Answer 67

Question 68

Transition diets

Answer 68

Question 69

Hypocalcaemia

Answer 69

Parturient hypocalcaemia- metabolic disease with paresis & hypocalcaemia - Weakness, recumbency, depression of consciousness, can be fatal \* Common disease of dairy cattle (can occur in beef cows) - Called severe problem if \> 3% of the herd, or cows \<5 yo affected \* Sudden increase in Ca requirement with onset of lactation - Colostrum 2.3 g Ca/kg; Milk 12 g Ca/kg - Onset of lactation increases Ca requirement by 2-4 fold \* Subclinical hypocalcaemia is very common

Question 70

Calcium- regulation

Answer 70

Question 71

DCAD

Answer 71

Question 72

Risk factors for milk fever

Answer 72

Question 73

Clinical signs of milk fever

Answer 73

Question 74

Stage 1 and Stage 2 Milk Fever

Answer 74

Question 75

Stage 3 Milk Fever

Answer 75

Question 76

DDX Milk Fever

Answer 76

Question 77

What is wrong with the three stages of Milk Fever?

Answer 77

Question 78

S/c treatment for hypocalcaemia?

Answer 78

Question 79

Treatment i/v for hypocalcaemia?

Answer 79

Question 80

Prevention of hypocalcaemia

Answer 80

Question 81

Non-parturient hypocalcaemia

Answer 81

Question 82

Feeding the close-up cows- summary?

Answer 82

Question 83

Grass Tetany

Answer 83

Question 84

Risk factors Grass Tetany

Answer 84

Question 85

Clinical signs of Grass Tetany

Answer 85

Question 86

Diagnosis of Grass Tetany

Answer 86

Question 87

Answer 87

Question 88

Grass Tetany Treatment

Answer 88

Question 89

Control of Grass Tetany

Answer 89

Question 90

Disorders of Energy Metabolism

Answer 90

Gluconeogenesis- converts non carbohydrates (pyruvate) to glucose Glycolysis- converts glucose to pyruvate; gluconeogenesis upside down Citric Acid (Krebs) cycle- Generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbs, fats, and proteins into CO2 and water; generates some amino acids and things

Question 91

Energy metabolism in the ruminant

Answer 91

Question 92

Hepatic lipidosis-- herd diagnosis

Answer 92

Question 93

4 Syndromes of Energy Metabolism

Answer 93

Question 94

Preg Toxaemia

Answer 94

Question 95

Treatment of preg toxaemia

Answer 95

Question 96

Protein- Energy Malnutrition

Answer 96

Question 97

Treatment of Protein- Energy Malnutrition

Answer 97

Question 98

Fatty Liver/ Fat Cow Syndrome

Answer 98

Excessively fat dairy cows just after calving Something stops them eating Metabolic crisis and fatty liver

Question 99

Ketosis

Answer 99

Question 100

Downer cows

Answer 100

Other causes of recumbency Any severe toxaemia dehydration anemia Neurological disease Terminal disease

Question 101

Bovine ephemeral fever

Answer 101

Question 102

Listeriosis and downer cows

Answer 102

Question 103

Nitrate/ Nitrite Poisoning

Answer 103

Question 104

Sources of nitrites

Answer 104

Question 105

Diagnosis nitrite

Answer 105

Question 106

Treatment of nitrite

Answer 106

Question 107

Distance exam

Answer 107

Question 108

Neuro/ musculoskeletal exam on the 5 station exam

Answer 108

Question 109

DDX cardinal sign is recumbency

Answer 109

Question 110

Prognosis and treatment of a recumbent cow

Answer 110

Question 111

Abbreviated clinical exam

Answer 111

Question 112

Neurological diseases of cattle- history, observation, clinical exam

Answer 112

Question 113

Neuro eye tests

Answer 113

Question 114

Neuro face and mouth tests and head

Answer 114

- ear, cheek, lip, and nostril-- position and movement - response to sound - head tilt and balance - head nodding

Question 116

Exam procedures neuro cow

Answer 116

Question 117

Manifestations of neuro dysfunction

Answer 117

Question 118

Changes in mental state

Answer 118

Question 119

Examples of involuntary movements

Answer 119

Question 120

Paralysis

Answer 120

Question 121

Incoordination

Answer 121

Question 122

Abnormalities of sensation

Answer 122

Question 123

Lead poisoning

Answer 123

Question 124

Acute lead poisoning v. subacute lead poisoning

Answer 124

Question 125

Diagnosis of lead poisoning

Answer 125

Question 126

Treatment of lead poisoning

Answer 126

Question 127

Polioencephalomalacia

Answer 127

Question 128

Diagnosis of polioencephalomalacia

Answer 128

Question 129

Treatment of polioencephalomalacia

Answer 129

Question 130

Nervous coccidiosis

Answer 130

Question 131

Treatment of nervous coccidiosis

Answer 131

Question 132

Meningoencephalitis

Answer 132

Question 133

Hypovitaminosis A

Answer 133

Question 134

Tetanus

Answer 134

Question 135

Treatment of Tetanus

Answer 135

Question 136

Listeriosis

Answer 136

Question 137

Treatment of Listeriosis

Answer 137

Question 138

Brain abscess

Answer 138

Question 139

Rabies

Answer 139

Question 140

BSE

Answer 140

Question 141

Botulism

Answer 141

Question 142

Paspalum staggers

Answer 142

Question 143

Perennial Ryegrass staggers

Answer 143

Question 144

Answer 144

Question 145

Answer 145

Question 146

Periodic spasticity

Answer 146

Question 147

Elso Heel

Answer 147

Question 148

Cranial and Spinal Trauma

Answer 148

Question 149

Peripheral nerve trauma

Answer 149

Question 150

Meningitis in calves

Answer 150

Question 151

Citrullinaemia

Answer 151

Question 152

Inherited congenital myoclonus- in calves

Answer 152

Question 153

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Answer 153

Question 154

Cerebellar Defects

Answer 154

Question 155

Vertebral Body Abscess

Answer 155

Question 156

Alpha Mannosidosis

Answer 156