GIT Flashcards

(281 cards)

1
Q

Cow producing 30L of milk requires how much dry matter?

A

Half the number of liters plus five

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2
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3
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4
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5
Q

Tail end of the 5 station exam

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6
Q

Left side 5 station clinical exam

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7
Q

Auscultation of the rumen and left flank

A

Normal:

  • palpate doughy rumen, often with a small gas cap
  • Primary contractions approximately every minute
  • Secondary cycle approximately every 2 minutes

Abnormal:

  • Palpate large gas cap which distends fossa
  • Hypermotility (e.g. vagus indigestion)
  • Hypomotility (e.g. hypocalcaemia, rumen atony)
  • ping (rumen distension)
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Percuss and auscultate body wall

A

* Requirements for pings

  • gas distended viscus
  • gas/fluid interface
  • gas under pressure
  • gas distended viscus might be against body wall
  • both percussor and stethoscope must be over gas distended viscus
  • viscus is singular of viscera
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10
Q

Left sided pings DDX

A
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11
Q
A

Abomasal ping

  • high pitched/ resonant
  • classic location
  • beware milk fever!

Rumen ping

  • a bit duller
  • less resonant
  • dorsal location
  • can often palpate the gas cap
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12
Q

Auscultation and ballottement

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13
Q

Diagnosing a ping

A

Abomasal ping

  • high pitched/ resonant
  • classic location
  • beware milk fever!

Rumen ping

  • a bit duller
  • less resonant
  • dorsal location
  • can often palpate the gas cap
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14
Q
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15
Q

Right sided auscultation/ percussion

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16
Q

Fluid splashing sounds audible on deep ballottement (succussion)?

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17
Q

5 station exam right side

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18
Q

5 station exam head/neck

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19
Q

5 station exam tail end revisted steps

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20
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21
Q

Abnormal rectal findings include:

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22
Q
A

Abomasal torsion

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23
Q

Parameters of faeces to assess alimentary tract

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24
Q

5 station exam ancillary tests

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25
pH- the normal is between 6.2 and 7.2 Low values of pH are found after the feeding of carbohydrates A value of below 5 is considered very suggestive of carbohydrate engorgement Examination of rumen protozoa (Could also use a stomach tube)
26
Measuring pH of the rumen
27
Paracentesis sites 1. To the left of the midline, 3 to 4 cm medial to and 5 to 7 cm cranial to the foramen for the left subcutaneous vein 2. 5 cm caudal to the xiphisternum and 5 cm to left or right of mid-line 3. The right ventral abdominal wall in the area of the skin under the flank fold above the udder
28
What could air in the intestines indicate?
Blockage or hypocalcaemia
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Tests for abdominal pain
\* Grunt test In the “grunt test” a sharp pressure is applied over and behind the xiphoid whilst listening for an audible grunt from the cow. The pressure may be applied with a clenched fist, the knee or a pole lifted on both sides. The grunt is sometimes clearly audible but is often only discerned by auscultation over the trachea. The test is rather subjective and not particularly reliable. It should be appreciated that a grunt can be elicited from pain in either the anterior abdomen or chest and the test is not specific for traumatic reticulo-peritonitis, although that is the most common condition associated with a positive finding \* Withers pinch test Firm pressure is applied to the whither area by grasping and pinching the whithers. A normal cow will lower the withers to avoid this contact. A cow with peritonitis may be reluctant to lower her withers and thuis push against the painful peritoneal surface. This technique requires more subjective interpretation because many nervous cows Are reluctant to respoind at all to a withers pinch.
31
Abdominal pain in the bovine
\* May be seen in conditions of gastro-intestinal tract such as: - volvulus, intussusception, phytobezoars, salmonellosis - Abomasal torsion, spasmodic colic \* But also: - Diseases of the liver, associated with distension of the organ capsule - inflammation of the serous surfaces of the peritoneum - with pyelonephritis, urethral obstruction and distension of the bladder - early cases of photosensitisation
32
Exploratory laparotomy
\* Anaesthesia- inverted L or paravertebral (disadvantage: a lot of anaesthetic) - clip area and prepare for surgery \* 20 cm incision right paralumbar fossa 3 steps: - incise skin and subcutaneous/ external abdominal oblique with vertical incision - split internal abdominal oblique in direction of fibres - blunt dissect through transverse abdominous, peritoneum
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Exploratory laparotomy- closure
36
Diseases of the abomasum and intestines
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Left Displaced Abomasum (LDA)
Aetiology not fully understood, multifactorial syndrome, heavy grain feeding
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Aetiology of LDA
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Nutritional factors implicated in LDA
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LDA correction
41
LDA correction- right flank omentopexy
\* ID pylorus- pull on omental attachment until the pylorus comes into view- palpate and visualise \* Routine closure \* Broad spectrums abs (Oxytet) \* NSAIDs (long acting- tolfedine or metacam) \* Ketol
42
LDA correction- rolling
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LDA correction- toggle technique
44
Prevention of LDA
45
Key Points of LDA
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RDA/RTA typical history and clinical signs
48
Aetiology of RDA
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Abomasal dilatation and torsion
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Abomasal dilatation and torsion- correction
\* First assess prognosis- melena and HR \> 100 are bad signs when corrected, omentopexy to prevent recurrence \* Standard closure \* IV fluids if very shocked \* Antibiotics \* NSAIDs
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RDA Key points
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Dietary abomasal impaction
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Dietary abomasal impaction treatment
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Typical history of physical obstruction of the pylorus
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Typical signs of intestinal phytobezoars
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Physical obstruction of the pylorus treatment
59
Intestinal phytobezoars
\* Signs are less severe than seen in cattle suffering from an obstruction due to a volvulus or intussusception \* Findings - sudden severe depression in milk yield - dehydration - commonly a very small amount of greenish rumen discharge observed at nares of affected animals - ballottement/auscultation right abdomen- may detect fluid splashing sounds - rectal exam: early stages the amount of faeces is reduced and somewhat pasty... later, grey, yellow faeces- extremely pasty, very foul smell- pathognomonic \*\* As condition progresses- dehydration increases, HR increases
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Intestinal phytobezoars- treatment?
\* right paralumbar approach careful search of intestines - palpation
62
Key points- intestinal phytobezoar
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Intussusception
64
Intussusception surgery
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Key points intussusception
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Intestinal torsion
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Dilatation, volvulus and torsion of the caecum
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Dilation and torsion of the caecum- signs
69
Dilatation and torsion of the caecum- treatment
70
Caecal dilatation, volvulus and torsion
71
Carb overload, two conditions
72
History of acute rumen acidosis
73
Pathogenesis of acute rumen acidosis
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Rumen acidosis
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Acute rumen acidosis secondary effects
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Diagnosis of acute rumen acidosis
80
Four stages of acidosis Treatment
3. Cow has above + some systemic effects - as above plus antibiotics - avoid secondary effects 4. Cow is down - as above plus NSAIDs, fluids - ? how much fluids and what type - consider rumenotomy - careful of water
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Rumen buffers
83
Ancillary treatments of ruminal acidosis
84
What is sub acute rumen acidosis?
\* herd problem due to diet \* reduced rumenation (cud chewing) \* mild diarrhoea \* foamy faeces containing gas bubbles \* undigested grain in faeces \* Reduced milk fat (\<3%)
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Indirect indicators of ruminal acidosis
\* laminitis \* faeces
87
Faeces indicators of fibre intake
88
Laminitis and grain
89
SARA treatment
90
Prevention of rumen acidosis
91
Buffers in feed
More than 4 kg a day need buffers in the feed bicarb 2-3% to the grain
92
Virginiamycin
Concern with ab resistant bacteria however works really well with rumen acidosis Takes a fortnight to work and need veterinary prescription Produce medicated feed orders (like prescription) send into feedmill and the feedmill adds the Virginiamycin
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Carb engorgement conditions
95
Other rumen upsets aside from carb engorgement
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Treatment of abdominal conditions
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Acidosis or alkalosis
101
Fluid therapy in adult cattle
\* only bother to treat severe dehydration in most cows, if they are down need to correct if for them otherwise they will correct it orally themselves \* Most cows are alkalotic \* At a farm visit, can really only give 5-6 liters of IV fluid at once \* A practical method of treatment is 2-3 L of hypertonic saline (4 ml/kg BW) IV (over about 4 minutes) plus 20 L of water administered by stomach tube \* Can add some bicarbonate in grain overload cows \* Be careful of hypertonic fluids in very dehydrated cows (as distinct from endotoxic shock) \* MUST follow up with oral fluids (Water is ok)
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Define abdominal distension? Bloat?
104
Abdominal distension- principles?
105
What does a ping mean?
106
Left abdominal distension
107
Bilateral abdominal distension
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Trilateral abdominal distension
109
Abdominal distension left-- mechanisms?
110
Abdominal distension- diseases
111
Bloat
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Frothy bloat
116
Drenching cows with bloat
117
Other option aside from drenching for cows with bloat?
118
Drenching, tubing, or?? cow with bloat?
\* the hole sometimes blocks up \* you only need to let enough gas out so that the cow can breathe again \* drench her with bloat oil then
119
Emergency rumenotomy
120
When does bloat occur?
121
Prevention of bloat
122
Diet to prevent bloat
123
Oils to prevent bloat
124
Detergents to prevent bloat
125
Monensin
\* often added to the grain ration fed to dairy cattle - increases proprionic acid production - prevents coccidosis in young stock \* Very toxic for horses \* Typically occurs in feed at 11-18 mg/kg (dairy) or 25-33 mg/kg (beef) \* Horses 20 times more sensitive than cattle (200x more than chooks) \* Heart and skeletal muscle death from mitochondrial dysfunction
126
Abdominal distension- diseases
127
Free gas bloat acute or chronic
\* ANY recumbency \* Oesophageal obstruction \* Hypocalcaemia \* Stop them dying of bloat \* Treat the underlying condition
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Oesophageal obstruction
129
Buscopan
130
Chronic secondary bloat
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Simple indigestion
132
Simple indigestion aetiology? Clinical findings? Diagnosis? Treatment?
133
Vagus indigestion
134
Vagus nerve
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Diagnosis of vagus indigestion
137
Treatment of vagal indigestion
138
Abs for peritonitis
139
Anti-inflammatories of vagal indigestion
140
Post mortem bloat
141
Abdominal distension- right
142
Needle head placed in to check if fluid comes out
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144
Abomasal volvulus
145
Hydrops amnion and allantois
146
DDX to hydrops amnion and allantois
147
Abdominal distension- left
148
Abdominal distension-right?
149
Abomasal ulceration
150
Incidence of abomasal ulcers
151
history of abomasal ulcers? typical clinical signs?
152
Ulceration of the abomasum when severe?
153
Key points abomasal ulceration
154
Peritonitis
155
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
156
Presentation traumatic reticuloperitonitis
157
Ruminant digestive system
Ruminants grasp mouthfuls of food and swallow before it is chewed, wrap their tongues around a mouthful of grass, clamp down their teeth and pull to break the grass at its weakest point and swallow \* Ruminants will chew their cud (regurg) their food material and then grind it with their molars at a time when the animal is resting \* this is done until the food particles are small enough to pass through the reticulum into the rumen \* Since ruminants do not chew their food when it is taken in, at times foreign material like rocks, nails, small pieces of wire can be swallowed \* While the animal is chewing its cud foreign particles that are heavy sink in the reticulum, preventing many foreign particles from entering the rest of the digestive system \* Once foreign material enters the reticulum, it can stay there for the life of the animal \* If the reticulum squeezes a piece of wire it may penetrate through into the chest/ heart
158
Sequelae to traumatic reticuloperitonitis
159
Treatment of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
160
Prevention of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
161
Secondary rumen atony
162
Key points of abdominal distension and bloat
163
Pathophysiology of Diarrhoea
164
Effects of diarrhoea
165
Lists of diseases with diarrhoea
166
Aetiology of diarrhoea
167
BVDV
168
Acute disease in naive animals
169
In utero infection BVDV
\* 100-150 days - viral damage to developing organs: especially CNS - may be PI or have high Ab levels \* \> 150 days - usually no clinical effect - virus free - seroconverted to pestivirus
170
Congenital defects BVDV
171
BVDV
172
Mucosal disease in PI animals (BVDV)
\* Acute or chronic forms \* usually in younger animals \* 100% fatal but low numbers affected
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Less typical presentations of BVDV
174
Epi of BVDV
175
Laboratory diagnosis BVDV
176
Control of BVDV
177
Salmonellosis
178
Epi of S. dublin
179
Epi of S. Typhimurium
180
Local Epi of BVDV
181
Clinical presentation of BVDV
\* Acute enteritis - anorexia, reduced milk production, pyrexia, depression - profuse, putrid diarrhoea +/- dysentery - Abdominal pain - dehydration, recumbency, death \* Abortion may occur subsequently
182
Zoonotic BVDV
183
Diagnosis of BVDV
184
Treatment of BVDV
\* Supportive therapy: fluids-- oral supplemented with electrolytes, IV for acidosis (NaCl/ H2CO3)
185
Short term control of BVDV
186
Yersiniosis
187
Pathogenesis of Yersiniosis
188
Clinical signs of Yersiniosis
189
Diagnosis of Yersiniosis
190
JD
191
Prevalence of JD
192
Importance of JD
193
Epi of JD
\* preclinical
194
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Clinical signs of JD
196
JD
197
JD Lab tests
198
More tests JD
199
Combination of tests for JD
200
Treatment of JD
201
Control of JD
\* If you have got JD in your herd... - prevent spread -- detect infected adults and remove them -- manage calves to reduce exposure (JDCAP) - reduce exposure to adult faeces; vaccinate \* Minimize the risk of further introduction - don't introduce animals into the herd - source introduced animals from low risk herds (JDMAP)
202
National JD control program
203
BJD Zoning
204
JD MAP
205
JD CAP
206
JD CAP
207
Fibre requirements in the diet?
Adequate intake of neutral detergent fibre (NDF)-- 25% NDF in total dietary DM. 75% of which is supplied by coarse forage to maintain rumen function and health. \* Many pasture diets, especially those supplemented with concentrates, will be near the lower limit of effective fibre required in the diet. \* Estimates of diet NDF should be matched with observations from the field cud-chewing, faecal formation, milk fat and protein content and rumen pH to ensure optimal and safe diet
208
How are the volatile fatty acids absorbed to buffer the acid in the rumen?
Absorbed through the rumen wall (papillae) Cow produces huge amounts of bicarbonate in her saliva-- enough roughage and food with sufficient particle length that the cow is going to need to regurgitate and chew it
209
Could cause if an abscess burst and causes local peritonitis--\> LDA, RDA, vagal indigestion \* Predisposing factor carb overload in the first part of lactation
210
Undigested grain
211
Caval syndrome
212
Saw horse stance due to laminitis
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214
Parasite mechanisms of survival
215
Effects of parasites
216
Most common nematodes in Australia
217
Ostertagia
\* Most pathogenic nematode aka Teladorsagia Small up to 9 mm Outbreaks-- Type I and Type II Abomasum
218
Trichostrongylus axei
219
Haemonchus
220
Cooperia
221
General life cycle of the nematode
222
Length of life cycle
223
Timing of dung pat and larval migration
224
Dung pats and nematodes
225
Larval migration
226
Timing of Population % of eggs deposited
227
Timing of availability of larvae on pasture
228
When do calves have eggs in their faeces? When are they first drenched?
229
Type I Ostertagiasis? When is high risk time of weaned calves?
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Immunity and hypobiosis in yearlings and older beef cattle?
232
Type II Ostertagiasis
233
Seasonal occurrence of adult worms and inhibited larvae of O. ostertagi in different temperate zone regions of AUS
234
Drenching who beef?
235
Dairy calves and parasites?
\* Grazing dairy cattle likely to be infected with nematodes \* 80% trials showed a positive response to anthelmintics \* Median increase 0.67 litres/day \* There is no way of determining whether an animal or herd has a sufficient parasite burden to interfere with production
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Diagnosis of nematodiasis
238
Faecal egg counts
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Plasma pepsinogen
242
Bulk Milk ELISA
243
Toxocariasis
244
Intestinal cestodes
Cysticercosis ◦ Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis) Echinococcus granulosis ◦ The most common cause of downgrades in QLD abbattoirs ◦ Notifiable ◦ NZ is hydatid free (? Tasmania too) Coenurosis cerebralis (Taenia multiceps)
245
Who does Fasciola hepatica affect?
246
Liver fluke effects
247
Fasciola hepatica life cycle
IH hosts Lymnea tomentosa (native) L columella Both live in (L. columellla) and around (L. tomentosa) bodies of water
248
Pathogenesis of Fasciola hepatica
249
Acute Fluke Disease
250
Chronic Fasciola hepatica
251
Fluke diagnosis
\* Antibody ELISA - Sensitivity of 87.5% reported \* Detects non-patent infections (from 14 d) \* Blood, milk, or bulk milk \* Useful as a screening test for a group of animals \*\* Post mortem as well-- flukes or scarring
252
Treatment/ Prognosis of Fasciola hepatica
253
Treatement and control of Fasciola hepatica
254
Lungworm
255
Lungworm life cycle
256
Lungworm infection in a group of weaned calves: note the open-mouth breathing in one animal and loss of condition through the entire group
257
Field post-mortem examination of a calf with lungworm infection; the airways are characteristically full of a bloody froth and many adult worms are present
258
Lungworm diagnosis
259
Treatment of parasites
260
Types of anthelmintics
261
White drenches
262
Clear drenches
263
Macrocyclic lactones
264
Choosing a drench-- factors
265
Which product?
266
Control of parasitic gastroenteritis
267
Withholding periods
268
When to drench dairy calves
\* depends who you ask \* Standard recommendation- drench at calving \* drying off? \* Calving? \* Probably not a critical decision
269
When to worm beef cattle
270
Drench resistance
271
272
Managing AR on dairy farms
273
274
How to apply refugia on dairy farms
275
Free living stages on pasture
276
277
Pour ons
278
combo anthelmintics
279
Quarantine testing
280
Mgt of resistance
281
What is the best drench for calves?
Injectable Dectomax Times where it makes a difference is if you have a problem