Clinical neuroanatomy (Yr 3)

Question 1

what are the main divisions of the brain?

Answer 1

forebrain
brainstem
cerebellum

Question 2

what are the divisions of the forebrain?

Answer 2

cerebral coretx
diencephalon

Question 3

what are the parts of the brainstem?

Answer 3

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 4

what are the divisions of the spinal cord?

Answer 4

C1-C5
C6-T2
T3-L3
L4-S3

Question 5

where is the grey and white matter arranged in the spinal cord?

Answer 5

white - peripheral
grey - central (butterfly)

Question 6

what is the white made of?

Answer 6

nerve tracts

Question 7

what is the grey matter made of?

Answer 7

interneurons and motor neurons

Question 8

how many spinal nerves does a dog have?

Answer 8

36 pairs

Question 9

where are motor neurone cell bodies found?

Answer 9

ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 10

where are the cell bodies of sensory axons found?

Answer 10

dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord

Question 11

how are peripheral nerves myelinated?

Answer 11

Schwann cells

Question 12

what are the parts of the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 12

axon terminal
synaptic cleft
endplate of skeletal muscle

Question 13

where are the ganglionic nuclei for the sympathetic nervous system found?

Answer 13

thoracolumbar

Question 14

where are the ganglionic nuclei for the parasympathetic nervous system found?

Answer 14

craniosacral

Question 15

what part of the autonomic nervous system controls bladder filling?

Answer 15

sympathetic

Question 16

what part of the autonomic nervous system controls the bladder emptying?

Answer 16

parasympathetic

Question 17

what does the sympathetic nervous system control in relation to bladder filling?

Answer 17

detrusor muscle relaxes
sphincter tone increases

Question 18

what does the parasympathetic nervous system control in relation to bladder filling?

Answer 18

detrusor muscle contracts
sphincters relax

Question 19

what are the two classifications of incontinence?

Answer 19

upper motor neurone bladder
lower motor neurone bladder

Question 20

what is the sign of an UMN bladder?

Answer 20

distended and difficult to express (loss of inhibitory pathways to sympathetic system)

Question 21

where are lesions found causing an UMN bladder?

Answer 21

cranial to sacral spinal cord

Question 22

what is the sign of a LMN bladder?

Answer 22

distended bladder that overflows and dribbles (internal sphincter not working)

Question 23

where are lesions for a LMN bladder found?

Answer 23

sacral spinal cord or spinal nerves

Question 24

what happens in Horners syndrome?

Answer 24

sympathetic supply to the eye is effected

Question 25

what are the effects of the sympathetic nerve supply on the eye?

Answer 25

smooth dilator of pupil orbital muscle (including 3rd eyelid) smooth ciliaris muscle smooth muscle of blood vessels and sweat gland of head

Question 26

where is grey matter found in the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 26

brain - surface spinal cord - centre

Question 27

where is the white matter found in the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 27

brain - centre spinal cord - superficial

Question 28

what are the layers of the meninges?

Answer 28

dura mater (thick outer layer) arachnoid (thin) (subarachnoid space - CSF, blood vessels, nerve roots) pia mater (thin inner layer)

Question 29

what is the pathway CSF takes?

Answer 29

lateral ventricles interveerterbal foramen 3rd vesicle mesencephalic aqueduct 4th ventricle lateral apertures subarachnoid space

Question 30

why is the movement of CSF caudally clinically relevant?

Answer 30

only useful to collect CSF caudal to the lesion

Question 31

what are the cranial nerves?

Answer 31

1. olfactory 2. optic 3. oculomotor 4. trochlear 5. trigeminal 6. abducens 7. facial 8. vestibulocochlear 9. glossopharyngeal 10. vagal 11. accessory 12. hypoglossal

Question 32

what is the function of the olfactory nerve?

Answer 32

conscious perception of smell

Question 33

why is the optic nerve not considered a true nerve?

Answer 33

it is an extension of the brain as it is myelinated by oligodendrocytes and surrounded by meninges

Question 34

what is the function of the oculomotor nerve?

Answer 34

innervate dorsal, ventral, medial rectus muscle innervate ventral oblique extraocular muscle innervate levatoi palpebrae superioris parasympathetic pupil constriction

Question 35

what is the function of the trochlear nerve?

Answer 35

dorsal oblique muscle (rotates eye)

Question 36

what is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 36

sensory innervation of face motor innervation of masticatory muscles

Question 37

what are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 37

ophthalmic maxillary mandibular

Question 38

what is the function of the abducens nerve?

Answer 38

innervate lateral rectus and retractor bulbi muscles

Question 39

why are patients with trigeminal nerve defects prone to eye ulcers?

Answer 39

they have no sensory innervation so can't tell when they get something in the eye, then when damaged they aren't aware so won't start healing as well

Question 40

what is the function of the facial nerve?

Answer 40

motor innervation of muscles of facial expression sensory innervation of rostral 2/3 of tongue

Question 41

what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Answer 41

hearing and vestibular function

Question 42

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 42

motor innervation of pharynx and palate sensory to caudal 1/3 of tongue

Question 43

what is the function of the vagus nerve?

Answer 43

motor innervation to larynx, pharynx, oesophagus sensory innervation to larynx, pharynx, thoracic/abdominal viscera

Question 44

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 44

motor innervation to tongue

Question 45

what is the route through the LMN system a reflex will take?

Answer 45

dendritic zone (receptors) in sensory nerve of skin/muscle sensory nerve, dorsal root, spinal cord, synapse exit spinal cord, ventral root, motor nerve, neuromuscular junction

Question 46

what are the ways a reflex can synapse in the spinal cord?

Answer 46

direct (monosynaptic) - patellar interneuron (polysynaptic) - withdrawal

Question 47

is a reflex a pain response?

Answer 47

no - it is subconscious so isn't a pain response

Question 48

why is loss of pain so problematic?

Answer 48

the pain pathways are very widespread in the spinal cord, so too lose deep pain the lesion has to be very big

Question 49

what are reflexes testing?

Answer 49

lower motor neurone pathway

Question 50

what are the functions of the upper motor neurone system?

Answer 50

initiation of voluntary movement maintain muscle tone for support against gravity

Question 51

what makes up the upper motor neurone system?

Answer 51

axons organised into tract in the white matter (synapse with LMN in spinal cord grey matter)

Question 52

what are the two UMN pathways?

Answer 52

pyramidal extrapyramidal

Question 53

what is the pyramidal pathway for?

Answer 53

skilled movement (poorly developed in animals)

Question 54

where does the pyramidal pathway run?

Answer 54

from the forebrain passing through the pyramids in the brainstem

Question 55

where does the extrapyramidal pathway start?

Answer 55

brainstem

Question 56

why is dogs/cats having a poorly define pyramidal pathway clinically relevant?

Answer 56

it starts at the forebrain, so lesions effecting the forebrain shouldn't alter locomotion or movement

Question 57

what UMN pathway controls locomotion in dogs/cats?

Answer 57

extrapyramidal

Question 58

what is proprioception?

Answer 58

sensory system that detects position and movement of muscles and joints

Question 59

where do the tracts for unconscious proprioception run?

Answer 59

spinocerebellar tracts

Question 60

where do the tracts for conscious proprioception run?

Answer 60

spinal tracts

Question 61

what is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 61

regulate motor activity (coordinates/smooths) maintain balance (vestibular connections)

Question 62

what is the function of the vestibular system?

Answer 62

sensory system that... maintains balance maintains normal orientation relative to gravity maintain position of eyes, neck, trunk relative to head

Question 63

what are the divisions if the vestibular system?

Answer 63

peripheral - inner ear and vestibulocochlear nerve central - vestibular nuclei

Question 64

what is the optic pathway?

Answer 64

retina optic nerve optic chiasm (axons cross to other side of brain)

Question 65

where do the visual reflexes synapse?

Answer 65

brain stem