Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

E&E Exam 4 > Clinical Pathology > Flashcards

Clinical Pathology Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define pollakiuria

A

Increased frequency of urination with normal urinary volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Within what time frame should urine be analyzed when stored at room temperature vs. refrigerated?

A

Room temp -> within 30 minutes
Refrigerated -> within 12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an artificial change on urinalysis that can be seen if urine samples were stored in the refrigerator?

A

Crystalluria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What effect does delayed analysis have on urine pH and USG?

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F: Prolonged storage or urine in snow in horses can discolor urine to red-brown.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In which species is a slightly hazy to turbid urine sample considered normal?

A

Horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is it preferred to use a veterinary-calibrated refractometer, especially in cats?

A

Will overestimate USG in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If a patient is PU/PD, would you expect their USG to be high or low?

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 4 values are unreliable on urine dipsticks in animals?

A

USG, Urobilinogen, Nitrite, and WBC/leukocyte esterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the typical urine pH in dogs and cats?

A

6.0-7.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the typical urine pH in horses and cattle?

A

7.5-8.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After meals in monogastrics can cause an acidotic/alkaline tide. (choose one)

A

Alkaline tide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why might dogs/cats with UTIs have an alkaline urine?

A

Urease-containing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why might off-the table urine samples give a false positive glucose in urine?

A

Bleach and hydrogen peroxide used to clean tables can falsely elevate glucose levels in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which is more sensitive to cholestasis, bilirubinemia or bilirubinuria?

A

Bilirubinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Trace to 1+ protein and bilirubin in dogs is considered normal if the urine is concentrated/dilute. (choose one)

A

Concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Alkaline urine can falsely elevate protein in urine. What test must you run to confirm the presence of proteinuria?

A

SSA test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 3 potential causes for increased glucose in urine?

A

Hyperglycemia (stress vs. DM), fanconi syndrome (rare), and some antibiotics (amoxicillin, gentamycin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 2 general causes for increased ketones in urine?

A

Diabetes mellitus and/or negative energy balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 2 general causes for bilirubinuria?

A

Hemolysis or hepatobiliary disease (cholestasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is glomerular proteinuria the result of?

A

Glomerular disease -> leakage of high molecular weight proteins (primarily albumin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 4 potential causes for glomerular proteinuria?

A

Glomerulonephritis, hypertension, CKD, and amyloidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is tubular proteinuria the result of?

Study These Flashcards
A

Tubular dysfunction -> impaired resorption of low molecular weight proteins

24
Q

What test can be performed to differentiate glomerular or tubular proteinuria?

25
What should UPC not be used with?
Active urine sediment (pyuria, hematuria) and hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria -> will falsely elevate protein
26
A UPC >3 and hypoalbuminemia is indicative of glomerular or tubular proteinuria?
Glomerular proteinuria
27
What are the 4 criteria for nephrotic syndrome?
1. Proteinuria 2. Hypoalbuminemia 3. Hypercholesterolemia 4. Edema
28
What is a type of pre-renal proteinuria seen with multiple myeloma that may not be detectable with urine dipstick or SSA test?
Bence-Jones proteinuria
29
You performed a cystocentesis and see 3-4pf squamous epithelial cells. Is this significant?
Yes - shouldn't see squamous epithelial cells from cysto
30
In what species are calcium carbonate crystals normal?
Horses, rabbits, and guinea pigs
31
What type of crystals are uncommon in healthy dogs and cats with the exception of bulldogs and dalmations?
Ammonium urate crystals
32
If ammonium urate crystals are seen in a urine sample from a healthy dog/cat (not dalmation or bulldog), what is it indicative of? 2 answers.
PSS or liver insufficiency
33
What are high numbers of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals associated with?
Ethylene glycol toxicity
34
T/F: Crystals in urine means there are uroliths
F
35
If there are uroliths, do the crystals seen in the urine sediment indicate the type of crystals in the urolith?
No -> need to send the stone in for evaluation of its composition
36
Azotemia indicates increased/decreased GFR
Decreased
37
What are non-renal causes of an increased BUN? 2 answers.
GI hemorrhage or high protein diets
38
What is a decreased BUN indicative of?
Liver insufficiency (can't convert ammonia to urea)
39
Which serum analyte is more sensitive for decreased GFR and only requires 25% functional loss of nephrons?
SDMA
40
What is a USG <1.007 called?
Hyposthenuria
41
What is a USG 1.007-1.013 called?
Isosthenuria
42
What is a USG >1.0.35 (dog) or > 1.030 (cat) called?
Hypersthenuria
43
What is the most common cause of pre-renal azotemia?
Decreased renal perfusion (dehydration, hypovolemia, etc.)
44
What do you expect the USG to be when there is pre-renal azotemia?
Hypersthenuria
45
What is the cause of renal azotemia? Generally speaking.
Any disease causing at least 75% loss of nephrons
46
What do you expect the USG to be when there is renal azotemia?
Isosthenuria or minimally concentrated urine
47
What electrolyte abnormality is most suggestive of post-renal azotemia?
Hyperkalemia
48
What is a common cause of post-renal azotemia?
Urinary tract obstruction
49
What are 3 clinical signs that are often suggestive it is post-renal azotemia?
Oliguria, stranguria, anuria
50
What 4 electrolyte abnormalities would you expect on chemistry with post-renal azotemia?
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia
51
What test (although not used much anymore) is used for non-azotemic patients with PU/PD and hyposthenuria to differentiate between psychogenic polydipsia, central diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and medullary washout?
Water deprivation and ADH response tests
52
What CBC abnormality can be noted in end-stage CKD due to decreased EPO production?
Non-regenerative anemia
53
Describe the differences in urine volume of patients with acute renal failure vs. chronic renal failure
Acute - oliguric to anuric Chronic - polyuric most often (note end-stage CKD can progress to oliguric or anuric)
54
Is the presence of proteinuria a negative prognostic indicator for acute renal failure or chronic renal failure?
Chronic renal failure
55
Differentiate the potassium values of patients with acute renal failure vs. chronic renal failure
Acute - normal to hyperkalemic Chronic - normal to hypokalemic
56
Differentiate kidney size in patients with acute renal failure vs. chronic renal failure
Acute = +/- enlarged and/or painful kidney Chronic = usually small and lumpy
57
T/F: Any amount of protein in urine is significant with isosthenuria.
T

E&E Exam 4 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions