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E&E Exam 4 > Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain regulates hormonal activity in the body?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

The brain secretes hormones directly/indirectly (choose one) through the posterior pituitary gland.

A

Directly

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3
Q

The brain secretes hormones directly/indirectly (choose one) through the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Indirectly

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4
Q

The body responds to hormones by returning the body to homeostasis. Does this occur via positive or negative feedback?

A

Negative

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5
Q

Where are neurotransmitters produced and where do they act?

A

Produced within neurons and released to act locally on neighboring cells

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6
Q

Give an example of a neurotransmitter.

A

Acetylcholine

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7
Q

What type of chemical messenger is produced within neurons and then released into blood to affect cells at a distant site?

A

Neurohormones

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of neurohormones

A

ADH and oxytocin

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9
Q

What type of chemical messengers are released into the blood by endocrine cells and travel to affect cells at a distant site?

A

Classic mechanism endocrine hormones

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10
Q

Give 3 examples of classic mechanism endocrine hormones.

A

TSH, ACTH, insulin

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11
Q

What type of chemical messenger is released by endocrine cells and have local effects on adjacent cells (paracrine) or on the original cell that secreted them (autocrine)?

A

Extended definition endocrine hormones

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12
Q

Give 3 examples of extended definition endocrine hormones.

A

Pancreatic somatostatin, estrogen, testosterone

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13
Q

What is the neural part of the central neuroendocrine system? What about the endocrine part?

A

Neural part = hypothalamus
Endocrine part = pituitary

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14
Q

What are 2 ways the central neuroendocrine system can respond to the peripheral system?

A

Maintenance of every day homeostatic mechanisms or through neuroendocrine reflexes

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15
Q

What type of hormones target other endocrine tissues and cause production or secretion of another hormone?

A

Tropic hormones

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16
Q

Give 2 examples of non-tropic hormones

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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17
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior, anterior, intermediate

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18
Q

What type of tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

Nervous tissue

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19
Q

What type of tissue makes up the anterior and intermediate pituitary?

A

Glandular (endocrine)

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20
Q

What are 2 other names for the posterior pituitary?

A

Neurohypophysis and pars nervosa

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21
Q

What are 2 other names for the anterior pituitary?

A

Adenohypophysis and pars distalis

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22
Q

What is the name of the major bulk of the anterior pituitary?

A

Pars distalis

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23
Q

What is the name of the part of the anterior pituitary that wraps up around the infundibulum?

A

pars tuberalis

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24
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Through the hypophyseal portal system

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25
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

Substances produced in hypothalamus travel down axons and are stored in posterior pituitary

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26
Q

What are the 2 hormones responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus?

A

Calcitriol (Vitamin D) and Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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27
Q

Active vitamin D is formed in what organ?

A

Kidneys

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28
Q

What is required for the synthesis of calcitriol in the kidney?

A

PTH

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29
Q

What effect does PTH have on serum calcium and phosphorus in the GI tract?

A

Indirectly stimulates absorption (increases serum Ca and P) via Calcitriol

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30
Q

What effect does PTH have on serum calcium and phosphorus in bone?

A

Stimulates the release of both (increases serum Ca and P)

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31
Q

What effect does PTH have on serum calcium and phosphorus in the kidney?

A

Stimulates reabsorption of calcium and inhibits phosphorus reabsorption (increases serum Ca, decreases serum P)

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32
Q

What effect does Calcitriol have on the GI tract?

A

Stimulates Ca and P absorption (increases serum Ca and P)

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33
Q

Is the effect of PTH stronger on the kidney or bone? What is the net result?

A

Stronger effects on kidney; will see decreased blood phosphorus levels

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34
Q

What is PTH secretion regulated by?

A

Directly by serum calcium concentration

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35
Q

Does decreased serum calcium stimulate or inhibit PTH secretion?

A

Stimulates it

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36
Q

What is calcitriol formation regulated by?

A

Directly by PTH concentration and indirectly by serum calcium concentrations

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37
Q

If PTH concentrations are decreased, will calcitriol formation be stimulated or inhibited?

A

Inhibited

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38
Q

What effect does Calcitonin have on calcium concentration?

A

Decreases it in bone

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39
Q

Give 3 functions of phosphorus

A

Maintains cell membrane structure (RBCs), acid-base balance, and energy transfer (as ATP)

40
Q

Give 3 functions of calcium

A

Transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of muscle fibers, and coagulation of clotting factors

41
Q

The hypothalamus secretes ___________ hormones via the blood capillary system to the anterior/posterior (choose one) pituitary and cause it to release either a _____________ or _________ hormone.

A

releasing hormones, anterior pituitary, stimulating, functional hormone

42
Q

What type of hormone does the anterior pituitary secrete in response to a hypothalamic releasing hormone that will stimulate a distant gland to secrete another hormone?

A

Stimulating hormone

43
Q

What type of hormone does the anterior pituitary secrete in response to a hypothalamic releasing hormone that will stimulate a direct effect on distant organ tissues?

A

Functional hormone

44
Q

What are 2 examples of hormones that are both stimulating and functional hormones?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

45
Q

What type of hormones are prolactin and growth hormone?

A

Functional hormones

46
Q

What 2 functional hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary but synthesized by the hypothalamus?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

47
Q

What effects does ADH have on the kidneys and blood vessels?

A

Kidneys - stimulates water reabsorption
Blood vessels - stimulates vasoconstriction

48
Q

What are the 3 stimuli for ADH secretion?

A

Increased ECF osmolarity (more solute than water), decreased blood volume, and decreased blood pressure

49
Q

What are the 3 inhibitory factors for ADH secretion?

A

Decreased ECF osmolarity (less solute than water), increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure

50
Q

In a normal patient, are thyroid glands palpable?

A

No

51
Q

Are the parathyroid glands involved in thyroid function?

A

No, they regulate calcium and phosphorus

52
Q

What is the name of the glycoprotein within the colloid of the thyroid gland that helps to couple iodine to tyrosine to make thyroid hormone?

A

Thyroglobulin

53
Q

What is necessary from the diet for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

54
Q

How is iodine actively transported from the extracellular fluid into the thyroid follicular cell?

A

By the sodium-iodine symporter (NIS)

55
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin?

A

Thyroid peroxidase

56
Q

What are the names of the iodinated tyrosine residues, and do they have biologic activity?

A

Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT); do not have biologic activity

57
Q

How is the thyroglobulin-thyroid hormone complex transported back into the follicle?

A

Via endocytosis

58
Q

Once the thyroglobulin-thyroid hormone complex is broken down into T3, T4, MIT, and DIT, where do they go from here?

A

Thyroid hormones are released into the capillary space to enter circulation;

MIT and DIT are deiodinated to iodine and amino acids, which are recycled for further hormone synthesis

59
Q

What enzymes regulate the activity of thyroid hormones by removing iodine from T4 in the peripheral tissues (i.e. liver, heart, muscle, gut, and nerves) to make bioactive T3?

A

Deiodinases

60
Q

What is the most bioactive form of thyroid hormones?

A

T3

61
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on systemic vascular resistance?

A

Decreases it

62
Q

What are the 5 systemic effects of thyroid hormones?

A

Increase basal metabolic rate, promotes growth & maturation, perinatal CNS development, regulation of ANS, and temperature regulation

63
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on renal blood flow and GFR?

A

Increases it

64
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on heart rate and contractility?

A

Increases it

65
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on blood pressure?

A

Increases it

66
Q

Name 3 stimuli for the release of TRH from the hypothalamus.

A

Low thyroid hormones, cold, stress

67
Q

Thyroid follicular cells requires stimulation by what hormone to produce and secrete thyroid hormones?

A

TSH

68
Q

TSH is produced and released by what?

A

Pituitary gland

69
Q

When excess T3 and T4 reach the pituitary, it inhibits the secretion of what hormone?

A

TSH

70
Q

What is the name for thyroxine that is not protein bound and is less than 1% of circulating thyroxine?

A

Free T4

71
Q

What are the only types of thyroid hormones that can enter cells to produce a biologic effect or regulate pituitary TSH secretion?

A

Free or unbound thyroid hormone

72
Q

Where is thyroid hormone conjugated and excreted?

A

In the bile and urine as soluble glucuronides and sulfates

73
Q

Both T4 and T3 are produced by the thyroid gland, but where is most of T3 formed?

A

In peripheral tissues

74
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and medulla

75
Q

The medulla of the adrenal gland is an extension of the _________ system and secretes __________________, such as ___________________ and ___________________.

A

Nervous system, catecholamines, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine

76
Q

What 2 hormones are secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortisol and aldosterone

77
Q

What effect do catecholamines have on blood vessels?

A

Cause vasoconstriction to maintain BP

78
Q

What are 6 functions of cortisol? Do your best

A

Regulate macronutrient metabolism,
Maintain GI structure and function,
Stress adaptation,
Maintain normal BP,
Anti-inflammatory properties, and
Immunosuppressive properties

79
Q

What are the functions of aldosterone?

A

Control extracellular sodium (and water) and potassium concentration

80
Q

What zone of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone?

A

Zona glomerulosa

81
Q

What zone of the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol?

A

Zona fasciculata

82
Q

Dehydrated or hypovolemic patients stimulates the secretion of what hormone?

A

Aldosterone

83
Q

Aldosterone stimulates sodium ____________, potassium ____________, and hydrogen ___________ in the kidneys.

A

Sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen secretion.

84
Q

Why is cortisol considered a diabetogenic hormone?

A

It inhibits cellular uptake of glucose

85
Q

List the stimuli for aldosterone secretion in priority order.

A

Increased serum potassium, increased serum angiotensin II, and decreased ECF volume

86
Q

Describe the pathway that stimulates cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex

A

Stressful event (trauma, surgery, pain, etc.) -> CRH release from hypothalamus -> ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary -> cortisol release from adrenal cortex

87
Q

RAAS System:
Renin is released by the _____________ in response to increased/decreased (choose one) ECF volume.

A

kidneys, decreased

88
Q

RAAS System:
What does renin convert angiotensinogen in the liver to?

A

Angiotensin I

89
Q

RAAS System:
What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

90
Q

RAAS System:
Once angiotensin II is formed, what 3 effects does it have?

A

1.) Stimulates aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex
2.) Directly stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
3.) Constricts efferent arterioles in kidneys -> decreases peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure -> stimulates sodium reabsorption

91
Q

What affinity does epinephrine have for alpha vs. beta receptors?

A

Equal affinity for both

92
Q

What affinity does norepinephrine have for alpha vs. beta receptors?

A

Alpha > beta

93
Q

What effect does norepinephrine and epinephrine have on alpha receptors? Which is the more potent actor on blood vessels?

A

Both cause constriction of peripheral blood vessels;
Norepinephrine more potent on blood vessels than epinephrine

94
Q

What effect does norepinephrine and epinephrine have on beta-1 receptors? Which is the more potent actor?

A

Both increase the rate and contractility of the heart;
Epinephrine more potent actor on beta-1 receptors

95
Q

What effect does norepinephrine have on beta-2 receptors?

A

Minimal to no effect

96
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on beta-2 receptors?

A

Dilation of airways and some blood vessels (heart, skeletal muscle, and liver)

97
Q

What do catecholamines secreted by adrenal medulla cause stimulation of in liver and skeletal muscle?

A

Glycogenolysis

E&E Exam 4 (5 decks)

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