Clinical Pathology Flashcards

Question

Inc RDW?

Answer 1

Anisocytosis

Answer 2

Blood loss or Haemolysis

Answer 3

Down 30% dog or 20% cat (mild) -> - Anaemia or chronic or inflammatory dx - Normocytic normochromic below 20% -> Moderate -> dec erythropoietin - CKD -> Dec production -> BM dx Marked -> below 15%

Answer 4

- NORMOCYTIC - Normochromic - Non regen - Mild - anaemia of chronic or inflammatory dx

Answer 5

- Macrocytic - Hypochromic - Often regen nb ould also be in vitro storage artefact

Answer 6

- Microcytic - Hypochromic - Iron deficiency - PSS

Answer 7

serum = plasma - clotting factors ( only attained after leaving to clot for min 30 mins

Answer 8

Serum: - Separated serum less liekly to have clots that interfere with results - If separated within 2 hrs analytes tend top be more stable Plasma: - Separated and run immediately - Some tests may not be suitable with some anticoagulants

Answer 9

Presence of haemolysis, lipaemia and icterus may affect results -> Result may directly be affected e.g. ALT & K+ may be released from lysed R£BC elevating serum values -> values affected indirectly : inc turbidity may alter spectrophotometry

Answer 10

- ALp higher in growing animals due to higher boen isoform - Globulin levels are often lower in enonates

Answer 11

- Albumins, globulins and assorted - Predom synthesized by liver - Responsible for oncotic pressure - Machine measures TP and albumin (globulin calculated by subtraction from TP)

Answer 12

-One of smallest proteins commony found in plasma/ serum - Synthesed in liver - Inc seen with dehydration - Dec may reflect:inc loss OR dec production (neg acute phase response protein)

Answer 13

- Increases - antigenic stimulation (also with some neoplasia) - Dec due to: loss (haemorrhage, PLe, PLN)

Answer 14

- Used to differentiate types of hyperglobinaemia - Monoclonal - neoplasia - Polyclonal - inflammation e.G. FIP in the cat

Answer 15

Azotaemia = inc of both Can be renal, prerenal or post renal assess with hydration status of patient and USG at time of taking seurm

Answer 16

- Dehydration - most common - High protein meal -> starve for 12 h to reduce interference - BUT GI haemorrhage may result in elevations - essentially high in protein meal

Answer 17

- Obstruction - full bladder, poss history of stranguria - Ruptured bladder - post obstruction or RTA Sample peritoneal fluid assess serum and fluid urea creatinine

Answer 18

- Azotaemia with isosthenuria - Most concerning finding - Due to kidney dx, acute, chronic

Answer 19

- ALT - GLDH - SDH - (AST/ LDH)

Answer 20

- ALP - GGT

Answer 21

» Hepatocellular * But present in most cells » Transient increase may be seen in RTA’s, ?liver damage, or muscle » Elevations may not correspond with degree of liver damage

Answer 22

» Sensitive but not specific for cholestasis » Released from brush border of bile ducts » Other isoforms/enzymes * Bone isoform, present in growing animals and in those with bone pathology * Canine – steroid induced isoform/enzyme * Gut isoenzyme –usually not noted as transient

Answer 23

* Specific test for cholestasis and biliary tree disease * Less sensitive than ALP * May be increased in neonates due to colostrum intake * Increases have been seen with steroids

Answer 24

- Inc may be pre-hepaticn post hepaticn hepatic - Pre-hepatic - >haemolysis, check HCT - Hepatic, post hepatic - cholestasis

Answer 25

- Pre and post prandial bile acids - sample feed than sample 2 hrs post feeding - Functional test for liver - may also be affected by enterohepatic circulation disturbances

Answer 26

- Functional test for hepatocytes - Changes seen following exposure to air - Need to separate EDTa plasma immediately - If running in house machine exposure to urea reagents may result in increases

Answer 27

- Metabolised wihtin the liver - Inversely proportional to T4 - Inc seen with: hepatic dx, endocrine dx, hypoT & nephroti syndrome - DEC seen with malabsoprtion & hyperT

Answer 28

- Muscle cell leakage - Very marked elevations seen with aortic thromboembolism in cats - Rapid elevation and relatively short half life - AST has a slower response but elevations may persist for longer

Answer 29

Elevated with PANCREATITIS but also: - dec renal clearance - other pancreatic dx - GI obstruction - Dexamethasone

Answer 30

DGGR lipase

Answer 31

- Regulated by PTH - elevations in both may be noted in growing animals due to bone metabolism - Elevations in Ca2+ may be seen with hypercalcemia of malignancy, check that ionised Ca is elevated - PTHrP may be produced by several neoplasms

Answer 32

- Itnake from diet, kidney regulates excretion & absoprtion - Affected by hydration, due to shift of electrolytes between ICf & ECF, so serum values may not reflect 'total body' values - Sodium and Cl usually move together

Answer 33

» May be ingested or synthesised de novo by cells » Maintained at constant level by storage as glycogen, in liver predominantly » Glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis promoted by insulin » Glycogen breakdown promoted by glucagon

Answer 34

* Transient- stress, can be up to 17mmol/l – particularly cats and young animals * Persistent – DM -> Transient vs persistent : FRUCTOSAMINE reflects glucose previous 2-3 weeks on av

Answer 35

- Spurious due to storage or haemolysis in vitro - Insulinoma - Hepatic disorder - Sepsis - Addisons

Answer 36

- pH - Protein - Glucose - Ketones - Bilirubin - urobilinogen - haemoglobin

Answer 37

from refractometer, make sure properly adjusted - pure distilled water should be 1.000

Answer 38

» Interpret with volume of urine production » Isothenuric 1.007-1.012 » <1.007 hyposthenuric » Good concentration » >1.035 (1.040) feline » >1.030 canine » >1.020 equine/large anima

Answer 39

- Crystals - Casts - Cells - other

Clinical Pathology Flashcards

(63 cards)