Clinical [Personality + Clinical Psychology] (Psychology Subject)

Question 1

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 1

• ORIGINATOR: Sigmund Freud
• views conflict as central to human nature
• conflict between different drives (conscious and unconscious) vying for expression
• individual motivated by drive reduction
• true conflict between Eros (the life instinct, including sex and love) and Thanatos (the death instinct, including self-destructive behavior)
• idea of unconscious mental life his greatest contribution to psychology
• revised model of mental life was structural; mental life has particular organization other than layers
  — Ego: part of the mind that mediates between environment and pressures of the id and superego
  — Id: contains the unconscious biological drives and wishes; with development, also includes unconscious wishes
  — Superego: imposes learned or socialized drives; not born, but develops; inflicted by moral and parental training
• an individual’s mental life a constant push-pull between competing forces of the id, superego, and environment
• ABNORMAL THEORY: conditions a result of repressed drives and conflicts; pathological behavior, dreams, and unconscious behavior all symptoms of underlying, unresolved conflict, which are manifested when ego does not find ways to express conflict (psychic determinism)
• THERAPY: psychoanalysis, or “analysis”, is a unique form of psychotherapy; free association technique (developed with Joseph Breuer) is the central process in which a patient reports thoughts without guidance (catharsis or abreaction); transference (patients react to therapist like they’re the parents); countertransference (how a therapist feels about their patient); object relations therapy (therapist uses patient’s transference to help resolve problems resulting from previous relationships by correcting emotional experience)
• GOAL: lessen unconscious pressures by making much of the material conscious as possible; allowing ego to be a better mediator of forces
• CRITICISMS: single case studies of women; not a scientific method

Question 2

Aggression

Answer 2

*a central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet

Question 3

Defense mechanism

Answer 3

*a way in which the ego protects itself from threatening unconscious material/environmental forces
- Repression/denial (not allowing threatening material into awareness)
- Rationalization (justifying/rationalizing behavior/feelings that cause guilt)
- Projection (accusing others of having one’s own unacceptable feelings)
- Displacement (shifting unacceptable feelings/actions to a less threatening recipient)
- Reaction formation (embracing feelings/behaviors opposite to the true threatening feelings that one has)
- Compensation (excelling in one area to make up for shortcomings in another)
- Sublimation (channeling threatening drives into acceptable outlets)
- Identification (imitating a central figure in one’s life)
- Undoing (performing an often ritualistic activity to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives)
- Countertransference (an analyst’s transfer of unconscious feelings/wishes, often about central figures in analyst’s life, onto the patient
- Dreams (safe outlets for unconscious material/wish-fulfillment)
— Manifest content (the actual content of the dream)
— Latent content (the unconscious forces the dreams are trying to express)

Question 4

Pleasure principle

Answer 4

• also known as primary process
• human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain
• principle by which the id operates

Question 5

Reality principle

Answer 5

• also known as secondary process
• guided by ego and responds to demands of environment by delaying gratification

Question 6

Screen memory

Answer 6

*memories that serve as representations of important childhood experiences

Question 7

Individual theory

Answer 7

ORIGINATOR: Alfred Adler
- Adlerian theory
- people viewed as creative, social, and whole
- people in the process of “becoming” or realizing themselves
- individual motivated by social needs and feelings of inferiority that arise when current self doesn’t match self-ideal
- individual has “will to power”
- healthy individual will pursue goals that are outside of himself and beneficial to society
ABNORMAL THEORY: individual too affected by inferior feelings to pursue the will to power; “yes, but” mentality, self-serving and egotistical goals
THERAPY: psychodynamic approach; examine motivations, perceptions, goals, and resources
GOAL: reduce feelings of inferiority and foster social interest and social contribution
CRITICISMS: best used with “normal” people in search of growth

Question 8

Ruling-dominant type (choleric)

Answer 8

*high in activity but low in social contribution; dominant

Question 9

Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic)

Answer 9

*low in activity and high in social contribution; dependent

Question 10

Avoiding type (melancholic)

Answer 10

*low in activity and low in social contribution; withdrawn

Question 11

Socially useful type (sanguine)

Answer 11

*high in activity and high in social contribution; healthy

Question 12

Analytical theory

Answer 12

ORIGINATOR: Carl Gustav Jung
- the psyche directed toward life and awareness
— contains conscious and unconscious elements
—- personal unconscious: material from an individual’s own experiences; this can become conscious
—- collective unconscious: dynamics of the psyche inherited from ancestors; common to all people and contains the archetypes
- archetypes: allow us to organize our experiences with consistent themes and indicated by cross-cultural similarity in symbols, folklore, and myths
ABNORMAL THEORY: psychopathology is a signal that something is wrong in the makeup of the psyche; provides clues to how one can become more aware
THERAPY: psychodynamic; unconscious material explored through analysis of individual’s dreams, artwork, and personal symbols
GOAL: use unconscious messages to become more aware and closer to full potential
CRITICISMS: too mystical or spiritual

Question 13

Common archetypes

Answer 13

• persona: a person’s outer mask, the mediator to the external world
• shadow: a person’s dark side, often projected onto others
• anima: the female elements that a man possesses
• animus: the male elements that a female possesses
• self: the full individual potential, symbolized by the mandala

Question 14

Client-centered theory

Answer 14

ORIGINATOR: Carl Rogers
- person-centered or Rogerian theory
- humanistic; optimistic outlook on human nature
- individuals have actualizing tendency that can direct them out of conflict and toward their full potential; best accomplished in an atmosphere that fosters growth
ABNORMAL THEORY: lacking congruence between real selves and conscious self-concept develop psychological tension
THERAPY: person-centered therapy; therapist is nondirective and provides empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness/congruence
GOAL: providing a trusting atmosphere for client to engage in self-directed growth; evidence of growth includes a congruent self-concept, positive self-regard, internal locus-of-evauluation, and willingness to experience
CRITICISMS: Rogers didn’t use diagnostic tools, believing client-centered therapy applied to any psychological problem

Question 15

Behavior therapy

Answer 15

ORIGINATORS: B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe
- application of classical and operant conditioning principles to human abnormal behavior; based on learning
- radical behavioralism associated with Skinner’s operant ideas that behavior is related only to consequences
- neobehavioralism uses Pavlov’s classical counter conditioning principles to create new responses to stimuli
ABNORMAL THEORY: abnormal behavior the result of learning
THERAPY: behavior therapy short-term & directed; thoughts, feelings, unconscious motivations not relevant; counterconditioning techniques
GOAL: to change behavior in the desired or adaptive direction; successful in treating phobias, fetishes, OCD, sexual problems, and childhood disorders
CRITICISMS: treats symptoms rather than underlying problem

Question 16

Common behavior therapy techniques

Answer 16

• systematic desensitization: patient exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli until the anxiety associated with stimuli is decreased; classical conditioning; developed by Joseph Wolpe
• flooding/implosive therapy: client repeatedly exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus, so that, eventually, the overexposure leads to lessened anxiety; classical conditioning
• aversion therapy: uses classical conditioning to increase anxiety; an anxiety-reaction created where there previously was none; classical conditioning
• shaping: client is reinforced for behaviors that come closer to the desired action; operant conditioning
• modeling: exposes client to more adaptive behaviors; social learning principles
• assertiveness training: provides tools and experience through which the client can become more assertive
• role playing: allows client to practice new behaviors and responses

Question 17

Cognitive theory

Answer 17

ORIGINATOR: Aaron Beck
- gives conscious thought patterns the starring role in people’s lives
- the way a person interprets experience, rather than the experience itself
ABNORMAL THEORY: maladaptive cognitions lead to abnormal behavior/disturbed affect
- a cognitive triad (negative views about the self, world, and future) causes depression
- Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) measures views and gauges the severity of diagnosed depression
THERAPY: directed therapy helps expose/restructure maladaptive thought and reasoning patterns; short-term therapy; therapist focuses on tangible evidence of the client’s logic
GOAL: to correct maladaptive cognitions
CRITICISMS: addresses how a person thinks, rather than why the thought patterns initially developed

Question 18

Existing maladaptive cognitions

Answer 18

• arbitrary inference: drawing a conclusion without solid evidence
• overgeneralization: mistaking isolated incidents for the norm
• magnifying/minimizing: making too much/too little of something
• personalizing: inappropriately taking responsibility
• dichotomous thinking: black-and-white thinking

Question 19

Rational-emotive theory

Answer 19

ORIGINATOR: Albert Ellis
- rational-emotive theory (RET) includes elements of cognitive, behavioral, and emotion theory
- intertwined thoughts and feelings produce behavior
ABNORMAL THEORY: psychological tension is created when an activating events occurs (A), and a client applies certain beliefs about the event (B), leading to the consequence of emotional disruption (C)
THERAPY: highly directive; therapist leads client to dispute (D) irrational beliefs
GOAL: effective rational beliefs to replace previous self-defeating ones; then a client’s’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can coexist
CRITICISMS: too sterile and mechanistic

Question 20

Gestalt theory

Answer 20

ORIGINATORS: Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka
- encourages to stand apart from beliefs, biases, and attitudes derived from past
- goal is to fully experience and perceive the present in order to become whole and integrated
ABNORMAL THEORY: abnormal behavior derived from disturbances of awareness; patient may not have insight or fully experience present situation
THERAPY: therapist engages in dialogue; focus on the here-and-now experience
GOAL: exploration of awareness and full experiencing of the present
CRITICISMS: not suited for low-functioning or disturbed clients

Question 21

Existential theory

Answer 21

ORIGINATOR: Victor Frankl
- a person’s greatest struggles are those of being vs. nonbeing and meaningfulness vs. meaninglessness
- individual constantly striving to rise above a simple behavioral existence and toward a genuine/meaningful existence; “will to meaning”
- Rollo May a major contributor
ABNORMAL THEORY: response to perceived meaninglessness in life is neurosis or neurotic anxiety
THERAPY: talking therapy with deep questions relating to client’s perception/meaning of existence
GOAL: increase a client’s sense of being and meaningfulness
CRITICISMS: too abstract for severely disturbed individuals

Question 22

Psychopharmacology

Answer 22

*use of medication to treat mental illness
ABNORMAL THEORY: some emotional disturbances partially caused by biological factors
THERAPY: treatments aim to affect neurotransmitters
GOAL: providing relief from symptoms of psychopathology
CRITICISMS: drugs take away symptoms, don’t provide interpersonal support; drugs don’t work on everyone, so psychopharmacologies and patients must experiment to find effective drugs; drugs have tons of side effects and can cause withdrawal symptoms after treatment ceases

Question 23

“Psychopharm” treatments

Answer 23

• antipsychotics
  — used to treat positive symptoms of schizophrenia
  — blocks dopamine receptors and inhibiting dopamine production
  — chlorpromazine and haloperidol
• antimanics
  — manages bipolar disorder
  — inhibit monoamines (norepinephrine and serotonin) based on the theory that mania results from excessive monoamines
  — includes lithium, anti-psychotics, and anti-convulsants
• antidepressants
  — reduces depressive symptoms by increasing availability of neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)
  — increases production and transmission of various monoamines
  — Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have tricyclic chemical structure [amitriptyline]
  — Monoamines oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) [phenelzine]
  — Selective serotonin reputable inhibitors (SSRIs) act only on serotonin; most frequently prescribed antidepressants because fewer side effects than TCAs and MAOIs [fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline]
• anxiolytics
  — reduce anxiety or to induce sleep
  — increases the effectiveness of GABA
  — high potential for habituation and addiction
  — barbiturates, benzodiazepines
• antabuse
  — changes the metabolism of alcohol, resulting in severe nausea and vomiting when combined
  — used to countercondition alcoholics

Question 24

Hans Eysenck

Answer 24

• criticized effectiveness of psychotherapy after analyzing studies indicating psychotherapy was no more successful than no treatment at all

Question 25

Anna Freud

Answer 25

- applied Freudian ideas to child psychology and development

Question 26

Melanie Klein

Answer 26

- pioneered object-relations theory and psychoanalysis with children

Question 27

Neo-Freudians

Answer 27

*accept some of Freud’s ideas and reject others - Karen Horney — emphasized culture and society over instinct — neuroticism expressed as movement toward, against, and away from people - Harry Stack Sullivan — emphasized social and interpersonal relationships

Question 28

Psychodynamic theory

Answer 28

*a general term that refers to theories (i.e., analytical, individual) that emphasize the role of the unconscious

Question 29

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 29

*employs principles from cognitive and behavioral theory

Question 30

Humanistic theory

Answer 30

*a general term that refers to theories that emphasize positive, evolving free will in people - client-centered, Gestalt, or existential - optimistic about human nature - the “Third Force” in psychotherapy in reaction to psychoanalysis and behavioralism

Question 31

Abraham Maslow

Answer 31

- leader of the humanistic movement - hierarchy of needs — humans start at the bottom and work their way up toward self-actualization by satisfying the needs at the previous level

Question 32

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 32

(Top to bottom) - self-actualization - esteem and recognition - belonging, love, acceptance - safety, security, stability, lack of fear - physiological needs, hunger, thirst, shelter, warmth

Question 33

Play therapy

Answer 33

- used with child clients - during play, child may convey emotions, situations, or disturbances that might otherwise go unexpressed

Question 34

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

Answer 34

*delivers electric current to the brain and induces convulsions - effective intervention for severely depressed patients

Question 35

Family therapy

Answer 35

*treats a family together and views the whole family as the client

Question 36

Stress-inoculation training

Answer 36

- developed by Donald Meichenbaum - prepares people for foreseeable stressors

Question 37

Neil Miller

Answer 37

- proved experimentally that abnormal behavior can be learned

Question 38

Evidence-based treatment

Answer 38

*treatment for mental health problems that’s been shown to produce results in empirical research studies

Question 39

Applied psychology

Answer 39

*branch of psychology that uses principles or research findings to solve people’s problems

Question 40

Abnormal psychology

Answer 40

*the study of behavior that is deemed not normal

Question 41

Primary prevention

Answer 41

*involves attempts to prevent documented psychosocial problems through direct contact with an at-risk (but thus far unaffected) group - executed through proactive intervention (intervention takes place before the problems arise rather than a result of the problems) - D.A.R.E and Head Start

Question 42

Culturally competent

Answer 42

*interventions refer to treatment or prevention programs that recognize and are tailored to cultural differences - cultural competence: learning the language, customs, and norms of various cultures

Question 43

Community psychology

Answer 43

*a model in which psychology is taken into the community via community centers or schools - emphasizes respect and recognizes the logistics that keep the neediest people from seeking help

Question 44

Personality

Answer 44

*the study of why people act the way that they do and why different people act differently

Question 45

Clinical psychology

Answer 45

*the study of the theory, assessment, and treatment of mental and emotional disorders

Question 46

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)

Answer 46

*includes various categories of mental disorders, the diagnostic criteria for the various disorders included in each category, and official numerical codes assigned to each disorder

Question 47

Psychological disorders

Answer 47

*involves thoughts, feelings, or behaviors not in keeping with social norms and are severe enough to cause personal distress and/or impairment to functioning

Question 48

Intellectual disability

Answer 48

*adaptive functioning deficits

Question 49

Learning disorders

Answer 49

*school achievement or standardized scores at least two standard deviations below the mean for the appropriate age and IQ

Question 50

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer 50

*severe problems with social skills, communication, and interests

Question 51

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 51

*problems with attention, behavior, and impulsivity - treated with stimulants (Ritalin and Adderall)

Question 52

Tic disorders

Answer 52

*motor and vocal tics - Tourette’s syndrome

Question 53

Motor skills disorder

Answer 53

*motor coordination below expectations for one’s chronological age

Question 54

Communication disorders

Answer 54

*pervasive problems acquiring language across modalities, using language socially, or speaking intelligibly or fluently

Question 55

Schizophrenia

Answer 55

*”split mind”; mind has split from reality - symptoms may be positive (not normally present) or negative (not normally absent) - positive symptoms: — delusions (erroneous or distorted thinking) — perceptual hallucinations — nonsensical or disorganized speech (use of made-up words called neologisms) — disorganized behavior (inappropriate dress, agitation, shouting) - negative symptoms: — flat affect (absence of appropriate emotion) — restrictions in thought, speech, avolition, or behavior - onset between late adolescence and mid-30s - cause partially physiological and hereditary — diathesis-stress theory: schizophrenia results from a physiological predisposition (abnormal brain chemistry) paired with external stressor — biochemical factor is excessive dopamine in the brain — affected first-degree relative has a 10% chance of development

Question 56

Process schizophrenia

Answer 56

- develops gradually - lower rate of recovery

Question 57

Reactive schizophrenia

Answer 57

- develops suddenly in response to a particular event - higher rate of recovery compared to process schizophrenia

Question 58

Schizoaffective disorder

Answer 58

*schizophrenic symptoms accompanying a depressive episode

Question 59

Delusional or manic disorder

Answer 59

*persistent delusions of various types - erotomanic (another person is in love with the individual) - grandiose (one has a special talent or status) - jealously; persecutory; somatic (bodily, such as believing a part of the body is ugly or misshapen)

Question 60

Brief psychotic disorder

Answer 60

*a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms lasting less than one month, followed by a remission

Question 61

Schizophreniform disorder

Answer 61

*involves most of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but is marked by the duration of symptoms—usually at least one month but less than six months

Question 62

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 62

*cycling from extreme manic episodes to major depressive episodes

Question 63

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 63

*cycling from mania to major depression, but the mania tends to be less severe (hypomania)

Question 64

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 64

*people experience mood swings similar to bipolar I and II, but symptoms are less severe and occur with regularity over a period of at least two years

Question 65

Major depressive disorder

Answer 65

*a depressive episode evidenced by depressed mood, loss of usual interests, changes in weight or sleep, low energy, feelings of worthlessness, or thoughts of death - symptoms present every day for at least two weeks - twice as common in females vs males

Question 66

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Answer 66

*symptoms of major depressive disorder are present more days than not for more than two years, but there is never an actual depressive episode

Question 67

Panic attack

Answer 67

*overwhelming feelings of danger or need to escape - expressed as an intense fear of spontaneously dying or “going crazy”; accompanied by physical manifestations (sweating, trembling, pounding heart, etc)

Question 68

Panic disorder

Answer 68

*recurrent panic attacks and persistent worry about another attack - often accompanied by a mitral valve heart problem

Question 69

Agoraphobia

Answer 69

*fear of a situation in which panic symptoms might arise and escape would be difficult - fear and avoidance of being outside the home or in crowds

Question 70

Phobia

Answer 70

*recognized, unreasonable, intense anxiety symptoms and avoidance anchored to a stimulus - specific phobia: anxiety in response to a stimulus (flying, heights, needles, driving)

Question 71

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 71

*fear of social situations, resulting in avoidance behavior

Question 72

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 72

*excessive anxiety without a specific cause that occurs on more days than not for a period of at least six months

Question 73

Body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 73

*an unrealistic sense of one’s body or perceives flaws or defects that aren’t actually there - accompanies feeding and eating disorders

Question 74

Hoarding disorder

Answer 74

*excessively saves items other people might see as worthless

Question 75

Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)

Answer 75

*a person twirls or pulls their hair compulsively to the point that they may pull it out

Question 76

Excoriation disorder (skin-picking disorder)

Answer 76

*similar to Trichotillomania, but involves picking off skin

Question 77

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 77

*exposure to trauma that results in decreased ability to function and recurrent thoughts and anxiety about the trauma - often linked to war vets or victims of violence

Question 78

Acute stress disorder

Answer 78

*similar to PTSD but symptoms have been present for less than a month

Question 79

Adjustment disorder

Answer 79

*symptoms following a trauma or stressor that have been going on for up to three months from the time of the stressor and involve a greater response than one might normally expect under the circumstances

Question 80

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 80

*inability to recall specific biographical information, usually due to trauma or stressor, that’s not related to normal forgetting - occurs with the trauma- and stressor-related disorders

Question 81

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

Answer 81

*altered sense of oneself or one’s surroundings (feeling of being detached from one’s body or the environment) that’s not the result of another disorder (i.e., schizophrenia)

Question 82

Dissociative identity disorder

Answer 82

*the assumption of two or more identities that control behavior in different situations

Question 83

Conversion disorder

Answer 83

*psychological problems converted to bodily symptoms - symptoms relate to voluntary movement; may be manifested as “paralysis” in part of the body

Question 84

Illness anxiety disorder

Answer 84

*preoccupation with the possibility of getting sick or having a serious illness despite minimal or no somatic symptoms

Question 85

Somatic symptom disorder

Answer 85

*focusing on physical symptoms to the point where excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors interfere with functioning

Question 86

Factitious disorder

Answer 86

*inducing physical symptoms in oneself or in another for the purpose of garnering attention and being able to play the sick role

Question 87

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 87

*refusing to eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight; showing excessive concern about becoming obese

Question 88

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 88

*binge eating accompanied by harmful ways to prevent weight gain (induce vomiting or laxative)

Question 89

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 89

*consumption of large amounts of food and a sense of lack of control over eating behavior

Question 90

Pica

Answer 90

*consumption of non-nutritive, non-food substances

Question 91

Nocturnal enuresis

Answer 91

*bed-wetting - treated with behavior modification

Question 92

Dyssomnias

Answer 92

*relate to issues involving the quantity/quality of sleep

Question 93

Insomnia disorder

Answer 93

*difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

Question 94

Hypersomnolence disorder

Answer 94

*excessive sleepiness

Question 95

Narcolepsy

Answer 95

*falling asleep uncontrollably during routine daily activity

Question 96

Breathing-related sleep disorders

Answer 96

*problems with breathing during sleep resulting in repeated awakenings throughout the night

Question 97

Parasomnias

Answer 97

*abnormal behaviors during sleep

Question 98

Nightmare disorder

Answer 98

*frequent disruption of sleep because of nightmares

Question 99

Sleep terror

Answer 99

*frequent disruption of sleep because of screaming or crying

Question 100

Sleepwalking

Answer 100

*getting up and walking around while in a state of sleep

Question 101

Gender dysphoria

Answer 101

*conflict between a person’s assigned gender at birth and the gender with which they identify - a problem if individual experiences persistent and pervasive distress as a result - treatment focuses on coping with the negative feelings involved, not on changing the patient’s gender identity

Question 102

Kleptomania

Answer 102

*irresistible impulse to steal

Question 103

Pyromania

Answer 103

*irresistible impulse to set fires

Question 104

Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

Answer 104

*patterns of behavior that violate rules, norms, or the rights of others

Question 105

Sexual dysfunctions

Answer 105

*DSM-5 category that includes a variety of diagnosis related to pain during sex, a loss of interest in sex, or an inability to achieve orgasm

Question 106

Substance-related and addictive disorders

Answer 106

*disorders resulting from use of toxins - alcohol-related, caffeine-related, cannabis-related, hallucinogen-related, opioid-related, tobacco-related, and gambling disorders

Question 107

Delirium

Answer 107

*disturbed consciousness (awareness, attention, focus) and cognition (memory, disorientation)

Question 108

Major or mild neurocognitive disorders

Answer 108

*cognitive decline (in memory, spatial tasks, language, executive function, complex attention, learning, perceptual motor or social cognition) from a previous level of functioning - may be the result of: — Alzheimer’s disease — Parkinson’s disease — Huntington’s disease — Major or mild fro to temporal neurocognitive disorder

Question 109

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 109

*tremors with declining neurological functioning

Question 110

Huntington’s disease

Answer 110

*genetically progressive degeneration of thought, emotion, and movement

Question 111

Major or mild frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

Answer 111

*disease of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain characterized by changes in personality

Question 112

Cluster A personality disorders

Answer 112

*characterized by odd or eccentric behavior - paranoid personality disorder: distrust, suspicion - schizoid personality disorder: detachment, small range of emotion - schizotypal personality disorder: eccentricity, distorted reality

Question 113

Cluster B personality disorders

Answer 113

*characterized by dramatic or erratic behavior - antisocial personality disorder: disregard for the rights of others; absence of guilt - borderline personality disorder: instability in relationships and emotions, impulsivity - histrionic personality disorder: excess emotion, attention-seeking - narcissistic personality disorder: need for admiration, idea of superiority

Question 114

Cluster C personality disorders

Answer 114

*characterized by anxious or fearful behavior - avoidant personality disorder: social inhibitions, hypersensitivity, perceptions of inadequacy - dependent personality disorder: need to be taken care of, clinging - obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: excessive orderliness and control, perfectionism

Question 115

Paraphilic disorders

Answer 115

*unusual and troublesome sexual desires

Question 116

Pedophilic disorder

Answer 116

*attraction to prepubescent children

Question 117

Exhibitionistic disorder

Answer 117

*desire to expose oneself to an unsuspecting person

Question 118

Sexual sadism disorder

Answer 118

*sexual gratification derived from the physical pain of another

Question 119

Men in psychopathology

Answer 119

- likely to be diagnosed with substance abuse and disorders involving impulse control and antisocial behavior - externalizes negative emotions - more apt to act out aggressively in response to stress - therapeutic intervention geared toward developing an ability to plan responses, as opposed to acting on impulse, and reinforcing non-destructive behavioral patterns

Question 120

Women in psychopathology

Answer 120

- depression and anxiety disorders - internalizes negative emotions - more likely to withdraw and ruminate over their problems - therapy centers on reducing and defeating negative thoughts before depression and anxiety take hold

Question 121

Serious mental illness (SMI)

Answer 121

*a psychological disorder that substantially impairs the individual’s functioning and disrupts one or more major life activities

Question 122

Multicultural therapy

Answer 122

*involves any therapeutic approach or methodology but requires that the therapist take into account not only the racial and ethnic background of their clients but also other social categories including gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, ability/disability, immigration status, and social class/socioeconomic status

Question 123

Health psychology

Answer 123

*concerned with how psychological factors affect physical health - interests: — reducing maladaptive behaviors that cause disease (i.e., drinking alcohol) — understanding how certain psychological traits can prevent illness and facilitate recovery — measuring the effects of stress on health — providing coping mechanisms for the terminally ill — understanding and treating the psychological impact of physical ailments — implementing large-scale improvements to the healthcare system - current model is biosocial (one’s health is affected by a combination of biological, psychological, behavioral, and social factors)