clinical psych Flashcards

Question

whcih neiral system ar einvolved in emotion ?

Answer 1

limbic cortical

Answer 2

amygdala : fear, anxiety --> if stimulated elicit fear striatum : pleasure and reward feeling insuffla : disgust spala region : aggressiveness --> stimulation case rage

Answer 3

prefrotnal (, orbitofrontal and ACC; dorsal and ventral PFC) : - emoțional regulation--> ability to modulate behaviroal repose - emotional condition --> ability to understand emotional semantic ( how situational variable are linked to emotion , ex a death require sadness ) and non verbal emotional processing ( ex facial expression)

Answer 4

onset : adolescence or early adulthood imnpairment : memory , attention and executive fucntion hallcuination might have a period of cognitive decline before psychosis

Answer 5

delusion ahllucination disorganize speech coahotic or catatonic behavrio negraive symptoms( ex lack of motivation )

Answer 6

- not really a an atomically correlation ,, is more tied to developmental delay ( cocoon delay in motor , cognitive or asocial skill ) - Decreased magnitude of the P300 event-related potential is among the most consistent findings in schizophrenia research - highly hereditable , even relative with no schizophrenia is common to show cognitive impairment o f some sir t - “soft” sensory abnormalities; for example, on tests of double- simultaneous stimulation in auditory, visual, or tactile modalities, extinctions are often found,

Answer 7

the diagnosis itself is not of much use , it is ebbtetr to destablich the domain of impairment ---> prominent deficits in verbal learn- ing and memory, executive functions, and attentional functions, and relative sparing of basic reading–writing skills, vocabulary, and general information.

Answer 8

pharmacotherapy( antypsychotics, drugrs acting as antagonist D2 receptor ) along with recommendations for psychosocial intervention ( CBT usuallyand psychoeduxtion to avoid discontinuation fo medication once remission o fsymtposm

Answer 9

any process or pathology of blood vessel that cause abonormality in brain structure and or fucntion

Answer 10

ischemic (80%,derived form the obstruction of the belles by a blood clot ) : can be embolic (blood cloth got carried up until the brian ) or thrombotic ( the clot formed in th brian ) it include TIA, could be of both type, but is temporary and brief ( 15 min ) , RESOLVES WITHOU T SYMPTOMS BUT IS A RISK FACTOR FOR SUBSEQUENT STROEK hemoraggic (20%, rupture of blood vessel ) : intracerebral , subarachnoid , or intraventricular

Answer 11

NON MODIFIAVLE age : teh older the worse SES: low income have both higher exposure ( risk factor ) and lower resources for diagnosis and treatment sex: women are older at time of stroke due to longer life expectancy , are more likely to have comorbidities and to have fewer benefit form treatment, also their symptoms are underestimated so longer time for diagnosis and treatment , in addition to general low social support at time of diagnsosui MODIFIABEL modifiable risks: weight smokin drinking physical inactivity hypertension diabetes

Answer 12

CSVD is a CVD affect smaller vessels

Answer 13

- cortical thinning - white matter hypetensitie s: areas where white matter is damaged - lacunar stroke : an ishcemic stroke on small vessel within th brian - microbleed and microinfracpts : small vessel hemorragic strokes - lacuens: empty area left form damaged tissue form bleeds - dissocnnection of shite matter tract it starts with withe matter hypertensities and micro infract s, then proceed to cortical thinning and more infracts, continue thinning and leaves lacuna

Answer 14

is the behaviroal and cognitive fphenotype of CVD it goes form Mai to Vascular Dementia ( even if many call it major neurocogntive disorder )

Answer 15

terre is no specific test : you look at teh location make and hypothesis and these the possibly impair fucntion--> then go on and see, taking the new result into account , what else could be damaged, and what could be spared he loca- tion, number, and volume of the brain infarctions have an impact on the cognitive impairment patterns etst on spatial and language skills ar not very telling except when damage is in their area of interest

Answer 16

no currrent treatment

Answer 17

present both the major nerocognitive impairment caused by

Answer 18

vascualar dementi mixe ddementi a

Answer 19

presene of CVD less sever area of cognitive impairment , with no functional impairment more sever area of cognitive impairment with functional impairment temporale correlation between CVD and cognitive /fucntional impairment

Answer 20

dementia caused by CVD BUT dmentia is only secondary criteria for diagnosis cerebrovascular lesion of great load is sufficient for diagnosis even without cognitive degenration

Answer 21

multiinfract: has a stepwise cognitivee decline focal lesion: has and abrupt one step decline CSVD : progressive decine

Answer 22

depresse domo optare symptoms of stroke no delirium or other psychiatric conditions significant distress or impairment

Answer 23

with depressive feature: symptoms as depression but not enough severity for MDD diagnosis MDD liekj episode : depressive symptoms reach mDD severity mixed features: it also has mania or hypomania like

Answer 24

PSd has of course a past of CVD psd has more cognitive impairment higher chance of other physical impairment t like aphasia or sensory loss

Answer 25

execssive glutamate from impaired reuptake can cause excitotoxicity ( exciting nerve cell until they perish ) general Inflammation and HPA axis disregulation which causes : - after stroke the development and maturation fo neuron ( neurotophic response ) in hippocampus and front cortex is impaired - lower level of monoamine amo0ng which serotonin

Answer 26

antidepressant: have conflicting result , SSRi seem more efficient but with higher risk psychosocial prevention : more effective and less side effect than antidepressant but dropout and not really egenralizabel neurostimualtion : tms is still being research since 4th possibility tot have customised treatment but the limitation of the tool , ECT seem to be more effective but worse possible side effect

Answer 27

many symptoms overlap with normal aging --> look for lower non sonata symptoms like depresse mood anedhonia , hopelessness and worthlessness same non somatic symptoms might help sistinghuish form post stroke apathy which just shows low motivation ( the two diseases reposd to different treatment ex not antidepressant for apathy ) since other aging problems like auditory or vision loss, assessment is hard --> for this reason some scale were create like the stroke aphasic depression questionnaire for people who have problem with speech

Answer 28

weakness , gait balance problem , vision impairmaant , parestesia ( numb limbs or face ) usually acute and temproary ( last from secodmns to hours )

Answer 29

2.5 million worldwide women three time more typically between 20 and 40 33% is benign--> the older the worse less cases around th equator--> èpsossibel role of vitamin D

Answer 30

the first episode , last at least 24h , affecting optic nerve brianstem or spinal cord , peak without fever or enecephalopèathy

Answer 31

relapsing–remitting MS ( unlikely full recover secondari progressive : relapsing remittign but in between the disease progresses primary progressive is a steady decline

Answer 32

conevntional cause : autoimmune virus symtposmn : demyelinationadn plaques the quantity , size and place of lesion impact the pathology most damdage is in whit matter tract like Corpus callous , fornix, ect--< might go undetected by MRI thus the impairment might not regflect entirely the location of damage but rather the two location where connection have been missing

Answer 33

working and recent memory impairment , sustained attention, verbal fluency , visuospatial perception, processing speed presevred sematic and impplicit memroy adn normal intelligence

Answer 34

Such processes are captured by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT, examinee has 90 seconds to pair specific numbers with given geometric figures. ) → good because in addition to fats processing and working memory it is sensitive to rudimentary oral motor speed and visual acuity disturbances, which are also common in MS

Answer 35

derpession: hard to detect cause fatigue , sleep problem ,aprocesisng speed and attention problem are all overlapping with ms symptoms

Answer 36

alyteration of normal brian functioning due to bump , jolt or penetrating injury

Answer 37

primary brian injury : at the moment of the insult --->tearing tissue and blood vessels, hemorragy, cell death in th emean tiem iflamation , oedema, and glutamate exotoxicity start secondari brian injury : days and weeks after the insult--> we usually encounter swelling, hypoxemia ( lack o foxigen ) , release of neurotoxins ( i guess th result o glutamate ) , long term brian injury : years after--> post traumatic seizure can happen , brian atrophy , and the resulting physical and cognitive impairment

Answer 38

severe= visible with CT can be - epidural hepatoma ( rapidly expanding with arterial blood) - subdural hemaotma ( lowexpanding ewiht venous blood OR mild , sometime called concussion--> still debated where to trace the line open or closed based on whiter the skull is broken focal or diffuse , depending on the extent

Answer 39

motor fucntion evrbal responding abiti to open eye

Answer 40

mild : loc: less than 30 min PTA: les than 24h GCS: 13-15 moderate loc : up to 24 h PTA : up to 1 week GCS: 9-12 severe: LOC: more than 24H PTA : more than 1 week GCS: 3-8

Answer 41

combine Glasgow Coma Scale, Post Traumatic Amnesia and Loss Of Consciousness scores problems: too simplistic same severity injuries might have different phenomenology and viceversa depending on the time of assessment evaluation can change ( some symptoms do not appear right away ) you are relying ion the patient ( might not be reliable to tell whether or not they had LOC or to what extent they can actually remember )

Answer 42

attentino memory language mood esecutive fucntion

Answer 43

when extreme acceleration ro deceleration or rotation forces cause damage by stretching the axon until rupture

Answer 44

symptoms that persist a few days after the event -_> get categorised by DSM into mild NCD or major NCD depending or interference with nstrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). should resolve with a few weeks

Answer 45

physical symptoms: nausea, fatigue , eghadahce etc.. cognitive complaint ( common i memory ) emotional or behaviroal problems ( common is dishinibtiion ) be careful case the same symptoms at different time of TBi stage can be due to different facts : ex right after insult headache might be due to hemorrage , while long after can be due to oculomotor dysfunction or muscolokeletal injuries

Answer 46

PCS but persists after expecttion derived form severity of event , usually 3 months at this point is important to check for the presence of other explanation to impairment the r thanTBI (ex preexisting condition )

Answer 47

mental health problems perosnaity traits soamtizationo surfing TBi recovery

Answer 48

is the quality of reintegration of the patient after rehabilitation person ability to live independently after the TBI

Answer 49

no specific one other than training every day life functions keep in mind that the best time to deliver treatment is during the spontaneous recovery period, to take advantage of plasticity

Answer 50

umbrella term referring to all condition with a generalised decline in cognitive fucntioning affectinng daily functioning

Answer 51

impairment in one or more between : - executive fucntion - lamnguage - memory and learning - complex attention - social cognition visto spacial concitino the decline impact the instrumental activity of daylight living it is not explained by delirium o r other psychiatric disorders

Answer 52

major neurocogntiive disorder

Answer 53

mild impairment in instrumental activity of daily living self report or form close to the patient of change in cognitive performance evidence of modest impairment by assessment no delirium or other psychiatric condition

Answer 54

early impairment of executive fucntion sustained attention in unstructured setting might be in th enrol , but show impairment in structured task impaired response selection intact selectief attention

Answer 55

doc Alzheimer ha d a apatient , August . D with ognitive impairment, hallucinations, delusions, and severely impaired social functioning. aftewr her death he found the amyloid plaques , neurofibrillary tangles, and arteriosclerotic changes. in 198a the standard procedure was not to label patient has waning Pd but was probable pd instead. true diagnosis was only possible eaithe post mortem or when the criteri for dementia would be met ( low differentiation) in 2007 finally new criteria allowed in vivo diagnosis and also prodromal individuation ( no clinical symptoms necessary ) : 1. the presence of biomarker s ( amyloid β or tau protein) 2. episodic memory profile characterized by low free recall that is not normalised by cueing; today AD diagnosis is considerate be purely biological BUT since many people with biomarkers end up not developing Ad , is is suggested to label them at risk

Answer 56

different by manual but in general : preclinical /asymptomatic = no cognitive impaiment or complains but biomarkers prodromal /mild NCD= complains, markers but maintenance independence nCD/dementia due to Ad = daily functions impaired

Answer 57

the bet amyloid is th earliest sign detectable , but it already plateau at MCi stage so it's hard to telll severity form biomarker memory impairment ( lack of consolidations, rapid forgetting ) follows the same etmepodral pattern of the beta amyloid so again , useful fo MCI diagnosis but not good to track progression funcional and metabolic markers ( tehone showing up on mri and pEt start to show abnormal pattern right after and continue worsening thought th progression during MCI stages hyppocalmpal , and then whole brian atrophy starts berbal comprehension deficit start show low or no impairment during MCi but decline steepens at dementia stage

Answer 58

preclinical stage : temporal lobe , entorhinal and hypoocampa area --> episodic memory deficit then moves form metal to lateral temporal area--> semantic memory impairment MCI stage: extend to temporoparietal junction --> language problem , apraxia and visuo perceptual problems and prefrontal --> ttentional and executive processes later AD STAGES : bread frontally and parietal then getting gradually to th whole brian

Answer 59

eccessive tau phosphorylation cuasaes inflammation which increase the formation of tau tangles inflammation will increase beta amyloid, which makes more plaques and foster inflammation general inlamationwill foster neurodegeneration wich foster inflammation and so on

Answer 60

Diminished Acetylcholine activity Increased anticolinergic activity (AA) Increased NMDA (N-methyl- D-aspartate) receptor activity loss o f white matter integrity in limbic and corticorticl connection grey matter ay atrophy in medial temporal loeb , progressing with time to frontal and parietal hypometabolism o temporroparietal

Answer 61

alalele epsilon 2 and 3 of APOE gene are considered protectiev factors , while allele 4 is relate to late onset ( risk factor ) three genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) have been shown to cause autosomal domi nant or familial early onset AD by upregulating the production of toxic species of amyloid beta protein.

Answer 62

Cholinergic neurons atrophy and abnormal cholinergic changes can also induce abnormal phosphorylation of ttau protein, nerve cell inflammation, cell apoptosis, and other pathological phenomena, cjolinergic neurone produce acelticholine , which in AD is resuced thus treatment is mostly cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) --> cholinesterase usually degrades ( reuptake ? ) acelticholine

Answer 63

a study took a group of nun living in the same condition and analysis their level of physical and cognitive imapi9rent they noticed that despite the controlled environment , they had a broad range of impairment levels analysing their diaries , they-find that nuns with higher education, less stress and better linguistic skills were the lest affected

Answer 64

struttura differente in the brian ( ex larger brian ,) or processe start inlfuecn the spsychcal properties of the brian ( ex neurogenesis ) that help th epersone cope better with the pathology

Answer 65

Neural Compensation: Inter-individual variability in the ability to compensate for brain pathology's disruption of standard processing networks by using brain structures or networks not normally used by individuals with intact brain

Answer 66

difference in how people process task better compensating for a impairment

Answer 67

difference on how the brain network adapt efficiently to the impairment

Answer 68

- hallucinationa dn delusion -fluctuationin cognition , attentionadn alertness - Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) before the cognitive decline - parkinsonism (i.e., bradykinesia, resting tremor, or rigidity) - reduction in striatal dopamine transporters - falls, syncope, transient loss of consciousness, and neuroleptic sensitivity, - capragas syndorm (the belief that loved ones are identical imposters), phantom boarder (the belief that someone concealed resides in one’s home), and reduplication of place (the belief that a place has been duplicated) are common instead of prominent memory impairment like AD , symptoms of dementia alike processing speed , executievfunctiona dn attention impairment are mote present

Answer 69

some genetic risk factors have been identified .APOE even if less often than AD , and alpha-synuclein gene [SNCA]) NB : mutations in the SNCA can manifest as Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease dementia, or dementia with Lewy bodies, suggesting that the different clinical phenotypes are on a spectrum of one underlying genetic–pathological entity. ( the genetic for these disorders overlaps )

Answer 70

lewy bodies can be present in both DLB is diangosed when cognitive impairment happen before or within 1 year form Parkinsonism ---> PDD Parkinsonism happen before cognitive at least 1 year DLB has more leeway bodies in hypo campus DLB has greater atrophy DLB has more severe neurological symptoms like hallucination , sleep problems k, agitation ... DLB incidence in man in higher than PDD DLb has younger onset ag e

Answer 71

lewy bodies can be present in both DLB has better memory and more spatial , executive fucntion and attentional skills ( more so in the early stage, they are more common in Ad as disease progresses ) DLB has RBD ( Rem sleep behavior disorder) DLB no hypoocapus shrinkage erebrospinal fluid α-synuclein concentration was significantly lower in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies t both have temporroparietal hypo metabolism , DLB shows occipital hypo metabolism more frequently LOOK FOR IMAGE SOURCE :in DLB the first sign during preclinical stage are the alpha synocluein marker ?? ( reaching a plateau in MCI ) , arousal and sleep porbelma nd cognitive decine , then motor fucntion impairment and brian structure abnormalities start in MCI and progress in Major NCD stage in AD the sign in prodromal stage beta amyloid and tau protein marker and structural changes , then in MCI we start to see memory and cognitive decline

Answer 72

major NCD due to abnormal functioning of frontal lobe include executive dysfunction,e motional and behavrioal dishinibiton, change sin personality , worsening of social skill and language abnormalities s( could seem a psychiatric disorder r) usual neuroanatomy : frontal and or temporal atrophy , intact parietal and occipital lobe

Answer 73

behavrioal variant of FTD primary progressive aphasia

Answer 74

visuospatial impairment , more focused don disinhibition , apathy , compulsive behaviro and executive dysfunction nitially in the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal regions, progressing to involve anterior insular cortex and medial and lateral prefrontal are

Answer 75

two variant--> both starts s language imapormnt but as atrophy spread to frontal areas behavrioal component emerges 1. semantic dementi a: anomia , single-word comprehension deficits, BUT no object knowledge and spared speech production atrophy in the anterior temporal lobes, anterior hippocampus and amygdala. 2. progressive non fluent aphasia : object recognition and single word comprehension intact but impaired fluent speech ( and agrammatic ) left-lateralised atrophy primarily in the region surrounding the Sylvian fissure, including the insula.

Answer 76

4 million people worldwide usually after 50 progressive mostly idiopathic can lead both to MCi and dementia ( PDD)

Answer 77

can have lewy bodies loss of dopaminergic neurons starting in substantial nigra tremors , mostly at treats , start in the limbs rigidity , akinesia ( laos or reduction of voluntary moevemtns ) , bradykineais ( slowing and simplifictipn) , hypomimia ( lac of emotional expression in face muscles s, freezing ( a stop in between alternating moevemt ) micrographia , postural instability can develop Mci and dementia ( with their symptoms mood disorder , could include psucous and hallucination--> can be paranoid sleep disorder anosmia ( loss of sense of smelel) compulsi and impulsive behavrio possibly anxiety and depressive disorder

Answer 78

during theprodormal phase we have the sleep disorder and mood disorders then motor symptoms , here is when diagnosis is made at milder stages we see start if cognitive impairment and fluctuation , personality change s at later stages we have hallucination instability and falls, and possibly dementi a

Answer 79

no specifico la bro imaging test ethology diagnosis based on clinician ability to recognise differs pattern so symptoms , especially in early stage unified parkinson disease rating scale ( UPDRS) to monitor the disease with non motor and toro aspect of daily living , examination of motor abilities and impairment testing domain ; memory --> working memory , feedback based learning , evrbal and visual memory language --> semantic flukey attention --> st shifting esecutive fuctnions--> delayed repsosne inhibition and cruel shifting visual perception-_> hallucination

Answer 80

injection o radioactive drug bingin got dopamine and using spect to trace it the lack of dopamine ins one area can be used to detect PD--> SWEDD (scan without evidence of dopaminerci deficit

Answer 81

pharmacological :most common is l-dopa and othe r dopaminergic --> high does can cause hallcuinaionadn impulsive compulsive behavrio nticholinergics such as trihexyphenidyl may be used to treat tremor in PD but are often avoided in older persons due to their potential cognitive side effects Deep brain stimulation: used with drug resistant patient , in global pallid us internal and sub thalamic nucleus

Answer 82

lower???? noradrenergic action cousin porbeoms in inhibition ,attention , arousal cholinergic : lower achelticholine?????, causing visuospatial impairment , verbal fluency problems , eelective attention impairment t, gait and postural oribelms dopamine : we know what happen s, causes ecexutiev dysfunction serotonin: ???, cuaes mood disorder snad hallucinatiuon

Answer 83

this fucntion describe the path of efficacy l dopa has on a patient expending in the stage of pD progression ( more efficient in early stage ) , their genetic determination of dopamine metabolism , and the stratal structure involved in tasks using the fucntion l dopa should improve'??????

Answer 84

inabiliti to sel control emotion and behavrio , can lead to impulsive and or compulsive action

Answer 85

compulsivity :repetitive and conscious sbehavrio that patient feels thethe need to do despite even negative outcome impulsivity : lack of lungimiranza e premeditazione in action can be cognitive (preference for smaller immediate rewards) or motor

Answer 86

ICDs-Related Disorder include the following: Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: drug addiction-like state characterized by a compulsive and excessive desire for use of high potency and short-acting dopaminergic medication Punding: repetitive, purposeless behaviors and excessive preoccupation with specific items or activities, collecting, arranging or taking objects apart Hobbyism: higher-level repetitive behaviors (sports, artistic endeavors) Walkabout: excessive aimless wandering Hoarding: the acquisition of and failure to discard a large number of items with no objective value The four major ICDs include: Pathological Gambling ,Hypersexual, disorder Binge eating Compulsive Buying DIFFERECNE B ETWEENN ICD AND ICRB???

Answer 87

acquired ( not developmental ) llangauge imparenti due to egional brian dysfucntion whenb acute usually due to cerebrovascular cause , when progressive usually due toiflamation, infectiornor neurodegenration

Answer 88

based on : fluency , comprehension, repetition--> MEMPORIZE THE SCHEME too simplicity ( function is rarely fully intact or fully impaired ) tells us nothing about ethology

Answer 89

spontaneous speech ( fluency , word retrieval , word selection) auditory comprehensiuon repetition naming reading and writing all pretty much the same as neurobehavioral ? exam

Answer 90

no articulation ( not due to pshysical , muscle skeletal reasons 9 but intact comprehension,a awareness , posterior fontal lobe lesion just to this area rarely result on broca, and mostly resolve only with milf fluency and naming problems

Answer 91

fluent speech bit no comprehension, usually unaware , lesion to posterior superior temporal gyrus again lesion to this area not sufficient t, needd to be involved temporal and parietal lobe

Answer 92

there i son single test , usually evaluation isn done comparing performance in tasks with different loads ( make the task last longer or have moe dfistractrto ) --> external factors influencing arousal have greta influence like time of th day , mood etc..

Answer 93

stimualnt are good for sustained attention dn focus tDCS acting on functional connectivity non invasive vagus nerve stimulation

Answer 94

sensory selective attention: automatic closing of input to focus on ( les effort , parallel processing ) repsosne selection and control: allocation of more resources to reposed to input -->more effortful , sequential process focused attention : intensity and scope of attention resource allocation--> deepens pn attentional capacity limitation inflect by energeticl ( arousal ) factor or structural factor( processing speed sustained attention _-> ability to stay focus for long --> can be influence by internal motivation factor or by task requirement in term of focus, capacity and tdistractro ration

Answer 95

leva of conscious ness level of arousal motivation sensory , perceptual and motor fucntion tmwporal pattern of percfocname is the impairment present in only a fee domain or general ? what are the feature of impairment ( ex high memory load, prolonged attention tc..)

Answer 96

sensory selection attention: line bisection, letter symbol cancellation, posner task , dichotic listening ... repsosne selcino and control ( inlcuding inhibition , and switching ) : go - no go , trail making focus and attentional capacity( task that require working memory and rapid processing speed, and disengaging form interference of interference ) : troop , assessing reaction times sustained attention: any prolonger task ( ex, prolonged finger tapping 9

Answer 97

ailure to judge absolute or relative localization of objects in space on match- ing or pointing tasks,

Answer 98

most known visuospatial disorder contralateral impairment pathological inattetion to object in visual space can be multimodal cannot be due to sensory or motor imapoiment can be allocentril ( the spatial reference is the stimulus ) or egocentric ( the refine is own body ) present in 45% o fpatient with right lesions dn 23% of left lesion--> difference tdiagnsoit criteri will have different percentages it has many stages , going form most to lower symptoms prevalence : acute , subacute , post acute and chronic

Answer 99

extraperosnal : failure to attend , deposit , orient object , act in general in visual field out of one's reach personal : failure to attend t, orient , and recognise own body parts in impaired visual field periperosnal : like etxraperosnal but close in space to the persone object centered : the impairmentilure to attend one side of a stimulus independent on which visual field it si representational :; same as extraperosnal but in own mental representation of something motor .: failure to act in impaired side of space

Answer 100

inferior parietal lobe and temproro parietal adjunction involved also premotor cortex , superior temporal gyrus and basal ganglia

Answer 101

is one of the way neglect can manifest , one of the symptoms is the dislocation of a stimulus in opposite space or side of the body ( the clock with number on even side )

Answer 102

another characteristic is the ability to implicitly process the neglected stimulus ( ex of study where stimulus category in neglected side primed category recognition of non neglect stimulus

Answer 103

implement compensation : - visuospatial scanning: forcing patient o tacna the whole area and read aloud number on the scree - primis adaptation : wearing googles that shift the stimulus image to the non impaired sidef forces the patient to have to move to the neglect side to interact with the stimulus tDCS

Answer 104

patient duo not recognise object , point to it, demonstrate the use or describe it But can recognise if presente din other modalities

Answer 105

unable to identify by copy, matching or drawing th estimuosu bilateral tmeproroccipital lesion

Answer 106

can match , draw and copy but still cannot performe recognition as in general visuoperceptual disorder def said to be tied inability to access th mental representation or semantic knowledge gf object medial occipitotempral lesions ( mostly left )

Answer 107

ibaibilityt to interpet multiple element of a a scene at the same time dorsal type : inability to detect multiple present object ventral type : inability to to recognise single part of an object

Answer 108

cannot recognise faces but can describe chaatceridstc such as age and gender and emotion ususally lesion to face fusiform area

Answer 109

visto spatial disorder --> dmagae to Pareto occipital area of the dorsal stream : - divided in dorso-dorsal and torso-ventral - top down alllcaotionof attention ,- visuospatial processing and visuomotor interaction - superiore parietal lobule , frontal eye field ,intrapqrietal scull visuoperceptual disorder---> occipite temporallesion to ventral stream : - shift of attention to unattended and unexpected stimuli , - low level feature processing - - tmeporo parietal junction, ventral frontal cortex

Answer 110

a. declaratiev : - episodic( life events) - semantic (factual knowledge non declaratibve : - non associative learning - priming -conditionign procedura memori

Answer 111

snesnory memory ( 3-7 unit , 3 sec max 9 working memory ( 7-9 chunks , 15 sec max withoputh rehearsal , encoding storage - consolidation retireval

Answer 112

e central executive (prepfrotnal cortex connected to the three other parts : episodic buffer ( parietallobe ) phonological loop ( broca and wernike ) visuospatial sketchpad ( occipital lobe )

Answer 113

hyppocampus entorhinal cortex parahipocampal cortex perihinal cortex neocortical associationarea

Answer 114

hypocapus anbtorhinal cortex had episodic memory problems

Answer 115

hasd anterograde amnesia missing hippocampus , entorhinal and prirhinal

Answer 116

pfc : integrate exisitng association with new one base on overlapping elects , cretes a scheme for them and the situation hipèpocapus : links completely new association , uses the schema pfc makes to retrieve info

Answer 117

there is no actual differntiationindnDMS LLD is mroe likely to present with physical symptoms like sleep disturbances, anhedonia, loss appetite and to eb more difficult to achieve and maintain remission

Answer 118

Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS], Beck Depression Inventory [BDI])

Answer 119

pretty much like mDD: SSRI ECT CBT

Answer 120

depression: - onset more clear -r apid progression - reo aware of condition - llack of motivation - langauge and visuospatial skill rarely impaired - variable eprformcanc eon taks dementia: - onset more gradual - generally more slow progression - usually unaware of deficit - ocntrans timapired performance on test -

Answer 121

cold : - plannign - working gmemory - inhibition hot : - decision making - emotional regulation - social cognition ( hot--> affective aspèect ( cold --> cognitive aspect )

Answer 122

1923: frontal lllobe syndrome became a thing by Feuchtwanger, who supported that this syndrome was not tied to 1944: goldstein thought that frontal lobe capacity was about mental flexibili9yt and understanding the context 1969:: Luria siigne to frontla loeb the role of controlling , planningadn monitoring others acitivtiews

Answer 123

the whole prefrontal cortex, which is the frontal lobe without the motor and premotor areas the drosolatera prefrontal cortex : - cold executive fucntion orbitofrotnal adn ventromedial : - hot executive functions the prefrontal cortex is connected to basal ganglia , toro area. ACC, and cerebellum as well,-_> damage here cause frontal improvement as well

Answer 124

dysexecutive dishinibition apathetic

Answer 125

dorsolaterla pfc damage problems with planning, strategy selection and implementation, por flexibility ( perseverations , poor working memory

Answer 126

orbital and ventral PFC impulsive and unfiltered social behaviou ( form inappropriate to offensive and aggressive ) , non delay if gratification ( behavrio moved by reward ) , imitation and utilisation ebahviro

Answer 127

due to cognitive reserve patient might be do good in structured test--> nee d to have more unstructured assessment --> disorganised story telling , dishiniìition in interacting, impulsive habits , social problems , unawareness of condition even in test, is useful not to observe just test result and look for perseveration, stimulus bound behaviro , impulsive response et...

Answer 128

medial PFC , sometime together with ACC and SMA failure to maintain behavrio ,abulia, lack of emotional concerns , akinetic mutism in most severe cases

Answer 129

cognitive control : stroop planino gand porbelm solving : tower of london working memory : digit span , trail making reward processing : io wa gamling test

Answer 130

the frontal assessment batterie , useful to test executive faction the domain : - conecptualization--> ask in what two things are similar - mental flexibility : say as many word starting with the same letter - planning: three motor sequence to repeat - sensitivity to interference : ask to do one task when the examiner performs another and then reverse the roel - inibitori control : go no go task--> do not do something when the examiner performs a specific task -a utonomy form environment : interact with patients hand and then ask not to touch the examiners

Answer 131

during interview is useful to look for : - passivity poor abstraction - dihinibition imitative behavrio inappropirat social beahvio level of awareness of their condition

Answer 132

anticipatory : abili to predict the occurrence od a problem emergent awareness : ability to recognise

Answer 133

education psuychotheraphy feedbaack intervation -_> kkep reinforcing the concept in every situation

Answer 134

overeating , abnormal social conduct , obsessive compulsive disorder, lack of empathy

Answer 135

"practice based intervention": goev patient a easier version of task they can't perform and train them , every time increasing complexity thi s aims at taking advantage of neural plasticity ( could be improved with brains stimulation )= discrete generalizability

Answer 136

repsosne to light ? to pain ?hwo? the three areas of aessemtn are : brain stem sign s motor fucntion level of consciousness

Answer 137

positive ( hallucination) , delusion( belief not in line with reality ) , negative mood, impulsivity

Answer 138

complete blood count , white blood cell and red blood cell : detect inflammation ,infection , but also possible toxicity if medication folate and vitamine d and b12: lack in many pìneurologic and psychiatric cdisosrder s endocrinologia tests , especially thyroid status: hypo and hyper thyroid's present tin depression psychosis , cognitive impairment adnmany other conditions --> endocrine disorder can be amifetsation of genetic eor autoimmune condition

Answer 139

influence test performance affect reliability of info given in interview +cna be a sign of neurological or psychiatric condition

Answer 140

diagnosi can caus stress and low mood neurologica symptoms can alter quality of life--> increase irritability and depresse mood the neuroorlical brian damage can alter behaviro oadn empootiion

clinical psych Flashcards

(171 cards)