multiple questions Flashcards

Question

Trace introduces the idea that : a. flow of information mechanism cascades into the whole system b. flow of information mechanism is discrete c. mental representations of words are sub symbolic

Answer 1

flow of information mechanism cascades into the whole system

Answer 2

non- interactive ( it think it means no lateral connection like inhibitory ) and based on sensory input ( no top down or contextual info )

Answer 3

non- interactive ( it think it means no lateral connection like inhibitory ) and based on sensory input ( no top down or contextual info )

Answer 4

search is doe only on a subset of lexicon

Answer 5

likelihood to just coexist in the same text

Answer 6

cause the language processing system makes them focus on specific aspects , and other are signaled as not to be processed throughly

Answer 7

ability to use sound to refer to things that are different from a sound , the fact that sound carry meaning

Answer 8

language use signs to refere to things that are not in ny other way related to that sign, the fact that word carry a specific meaning

Answer 9

1. semanticity 2. referentiality 3. discreteness 4. arbitrariness 5. duality of pattern 6. productivity 7. compositionality 8. recursitvity 9. temporale and spatial displacement

Answer 10

basically we can tell where one begins and the other ends

Answer 11

there is nothing that connects the sound to the word other than our agreement that it does

Answer 12

meaningless sounds can be combined into meaningful morphemes and words, which themselves could be combined further

Answer 13

we can refer to thing that are distant in time and space

Answer 14

anguage allow to create new sentence for the fist time ( allow creativity )

Answer 15

total meaning is defined by the meaning of the single basic units

Answer 16

ability to place one sentence inside another of the same type ( which is besicallly infinite

Answer 17

tudy of speech sounds that have a function ( phones ) and that don’t (phonemes) how they are produced, their properties

Answer 18

study criteria by which sounds are assembled to make words such as intonation and how they are different across langauges

Answer 19

tudy the rules b which different speech sound convey different meaning adn why they are put at certain part of a word ( including word derivation , composition , inflection etc..)

Answer 20

study of communicative logic rule that if not respected , even if everything else is correct, can still give no meaning to the sentence

Answer 21

study which are the rules because words are put in a certain order, which orders are allowed and which not

Answer 22

X-bar theory makes the claim that every single phrase in every single sentence in the mental grammar of every single human language

Answer 23

phonemes are the equivalent class of phones of the same letter each letter , depending on the words , is pronounced slightly differently----> each of those pronunciations is a phone

Answer 24

Morpheme is related to the meaning and structure of a word while syllable is mainly related to the pronunciation of a word

Answer 25

Both are a group of words BUT in phrase the subject and verb are not seen together, so only expresses a simple meaning VS in a sentence, both the subject and verb can be seen, so it can convey a complete meaning.

Answer 26

reaction time: usually implement inference priming, masked priming, additional task( lie picture naming ) eye movement, reading time MRI ad fMRI EEG and MEG —> problem: measure of activity cannot be localized or defined ( activation ? inhibition? ) ===> secondary indexes, derived from the raw data lie ERP

Answer 27

conceptualization formalization articulation

Answer 28

define the concept to want to express and how it should be perceived

Answer 29

choose what word you want to use to convey the right message ( sapir word theory has something to say about this) and the phonetic properties of them

Answer 30

activate the set of movement that correspond to the phoneme of the words chosen

Answer 31

phenomenon by which the gestural score of the phoneme that follow influence the gestural score of the phoneme we are currently articulating , modifying also the auditory perception of it ( the coarticulated phones, despite being the same, will sound differently other than being physically produced differently )

Answer 32

pro: helps identifing the correct words when the auditory input is not precise ( because we lean on the other letter to deduce the damaged phoneme) evidence from cross splice d stimuli : we take a coarticulated phoneme, and splice the first version of the coarticulation n a word that should have the second version of the coarticulation ---> people will misperceive the word where the word where the

Answer 33

pro: helps identifing the correct words when the auditory input is not precise ( because we lean on the other letter to deduce the damaged phoneme) evidence from cross splice d stimuli : we take a coarticulated phoneme, and splice the first version of the coarticulation n a word that should have the second version of the coarticulation ---> people will misperceive the word as the one where the coarticulation is taken from ( jog will be percieve d as job if "jo" is taken form job

Answer 34

cannot analyze phonetic properties because they are highly dependent on the word

Answer 35

Sentence Production Model by Levelt ( both at word level and sentence level) spreading nding activation model by Dell Independent Network model by Caramazza

Answer 36

type: modular and lexicalist approach stages: - message ( here you have already gone through conceptualization, so you know what you want to say and have some kind of syntactic structure ) - functional processing : lexical selection (search in the mental lexicon the lemma)+ function assignment ( grammatical function is retrieved too) - positional processing : inflection ( decide the lexeme for each lemma) + constituent assembly ( put the lexeme in the right spot of the structure) phonological encoding : select phoneme , the corresponding gestural score and stimulate it

Answer 37

type : again, modular and syntactical approach but senate level this time stages: - conceptual preparation; kinda like conceptualization but for a single word -lexical selection: ---> lemma morphological encoding ---> morpheme phonological encoding--> syllabification--> retrieve the sound for syllables ( phonological words ) phonetic encoding : retrieve the actual phonemes for the syllable --_> gestural score articulation

Answer 38

speed at which words are produced is not dependent only on frequency--> it depends on how many time we use the collection of sound s even if they mean different things ---> infrequent words are still read fast if they have a frequent homophone

Answer 39

- lexical bias in speech errors: when making error we still produce real words, cause they are not detected as real error since they are actual words - limited resource availability : errors are more easily detected dat the end of sentences because we don't give many resources to sentence planning - automatic and fast

Answer 40

positional constrain: exchange of syllables happens at between syllable in the same position (ex first syllables of a word with the first sillableof another words ) phonotactic rules : wrong word still present combination of sounds that are allowed in the language

Answer 41

lexiacl bais word category contrain: wrong word tend to be of the sam ecategory of the original one

Answer 42

mechanism to chose the outcome at each stage of any model -cascade activation : ex: once lemma at lexical selection stage receives activation, it immediately send it to the phonological encoding - gradual activation: is not all or none - feedback activation : whatever final product is more fitting , it send back positive reinforcement for its own component s

Answer 43

due to its criticism ,camarazza model see to there be multiple independent representation for each word, one for spoken and one for written and one for structural info ( syntactical and grammatical ) that is accessed only when needed

Answer 44

given the stages in both levelt snf dell models, if grammatical level info is disrupted then so would be word retrieval BUT in neurological patient with brain lesions, words that have grammatical meaning are retrieved only in spoken modality but not in written , and viceversa---> meaning that grammatical info is not necessary for word/sentence production

Answer 45

-words are not recognized by categorizing them in sounds patterns , but in the set of movements we use to produce those sounds ( formant structures and formant transitions ) -principle of preemption : there is a specialized system to deal with linguistic auditory stimuli , different from the rest of auditory sister--_> when incoming stimulus is recognized as speech, the system prevents the general auditory system from acting - info overlap in time--> difficult categorization But good for damaged input ( also explain mcgurk effect ) - mirror neuron involvement : motor cortex are activate when thearing the words ( meaning we associate movement with sounds ( different motor areas for different words, same areas for same word both imagined or heard )

Answer 46

- babies can percieve difference in sounds even if don't have gestural scores for them (the latter must then not be necessary) - aphasic patient with speech production disruption at a phisical level can still perceive different words - mirror neurons where found in macqques and only assumed to there be a correspondent network in humans

Answer 47

we distinguish word based on specific characteristics in the sound , so we kinda have a prototype for each speech sound and recognize stimuli as linguistic if they match the prototype themselves main model is the Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception: - we use bottom up gradual activation of possible matching phonetic representations - top down processes using stored memory to see which of these representation are an actual thing

Answer 48

phonemic restoration effect ) ex: For example, when the /n/ phoneme precedes the /b/ sound (as in lean bacon), often times coarticulation makes the /n/ phoneme come out sounding more like an /m/. bottom up activates both phoneem but top doww knows that leam bacon is not a thing→ activate N

Answer 49

first generation : -logogen -fobs secondo generation: -trace -cohort third generation : -simple recurrent networks -distribuito cohort

Answer 50

active units : auditory input , visual input and context relatedness enhance activation of stored memories passive mechanisms bottom up all or one activation ( threshold) kind of refractory period ---> explain priming between layer activation

Answer 51

passive units active mechanism-->self terminating bottom up explain :

Answer 52

why pseudo roots take longer to retrieve why root frequency is better at predicting frequency effect why morphological priming is stronger at short onset in masked priming ( we rely more on morphological similarities if we are not completely aware of the semantic meaning of words due to masking ) and why this effect decline with time ( we then become aware of the semantic unrelatedeness

Answer 53

active units passive mechanism ?? ( there are between layer connection) both bottom up and top down (back activation)--_> good for damaged stimuli cascade activation parallel between layer excitatory connection

Answer 54

word superiority effect

Answer 55

passive units active mechanism?? ( inhibitory connection ) incremental cascade actiavation parallel at the beginning ( cohort ) and serial after ( selection) inhibitory connection within layer ( option actively compete with each other but only after selection stage ) word activation goes directly to phonetic encoding without ( no homophone problem

Answer 56

activation: multiple possible option ( that could match with auditory stimulus) are activated ---> parallel and bottom up ( NO CONTEXT INFLUENCE ) selection : context help inhibit the not related candidates --> competition start ( serial ) integration ation: higher level of analysis ( grammatical , syntactical etc..----> =incremental ) is done to see what candidates fit better this process is continuously updated letter by letter of each point, untile recognition point is reached where one candidate wins

Answer 57

cross modal priming : at short SOA, a word A can prime both a related wordB and a and unrelated word C if word B and C have similar onset , until recognition point is reached ( ex: ship both prime captain and captive until we reach the recognition point, then in only times for captain why mismatch in words at the beginning lead to faster recognition of the correct word than if mismatch is at the end ( in trace does not matter where mismatch is ) why pseudo words with early recognition points are spotted earlier than psudowords that hav later rec point ( in fobs it would be the same ) why recognition point is a better prediction of reaction times than frequency ( generally against fobs )

Answer 58

cold not explain the frequency effect as we ahem seen ---> units are made active and added higher reactivity for frequent words evidence : Dahan, Magnuson, & Tanenhaus (2001) used presented a auditory stimulus with ambiguous onset ( ex: bell, bed, bet, belt…),together with e with a number of objects is displayed eye tracking showed look more often and more quickly at a picture that goes with a high-frequency word than a picture that goes with a lower frequency word

Answer 59

parallel like trace But plus context unit ( effect of previous processe , like context is taken into account) words are represented day the vector of units activated---> easily comparable

Answer 60

Frequency effect are simulated by presenting more frequent words during training.

Answer 61

Before training, the network’s connection weights were randomized, then it processed a set of sentences one word at a time: as each word was encountered, the network tried to predict what the next word would be. When it made errors, the connection weights throughout the network were changed so that its output would more closely match the desired output the next time around. I

Answer 62

like cohort but with the structure of SRN : - activation stage is changes from phonetic-word match and then to its meaning and properties , here the phonetic info is connected directly to phonemes and semantic components ( skipping the word stage ) - selection stage consist in the assestamento of a single pattern of activation - influence of context in section stage is transposed in a hidden layer of context units - less importance to recognition point oitn

Answer 63

semantic network theory associative accounts of meaning ( HAL and LSA) indexical hypothesis

Answer 64

a word meaning is represented by all the other things that comes to your mind related to its (nodes) and the tipe of relation between these and the word ( link---> "is a " it's a type of link spreading activation con tanto di decay function

Answer 65

semantic priming mediated priming non immediate priming of unrelated words ( given that the task explicitly asks so)

Answer 66

aster RT to associative relation tan to semantic relation alzeheimer patient show associative bt not semantic priming terre are different N400 waves in ERP for associative+ semantic priming than for bth only associative and only semantic priming

Answer 67

asscoitives models did not have grounding for the symbols

Answer 68

activation of perceptual symbol ( = actual defined representation o the concept ) definition of affordance integration of affordances

Answer 69

subjects’ responses were faster when the motion undertaken to answer the question matched the motion indicated by the answer sentence words related to actions led to increased neural activity in the same parts of the brain that became active when subjects actually moved the corresponding body part. that he parts of the brain that become active when a person views an action also become active when the same person reads a sentence describing the corresponding actio

Answer 70

immediacy principle incremental processing

Answer 71

garden path multiple constrain constural race based good enough

Answer 72

gap and traces active filler

Answer 73

serial automatic incremental uses heuristics two staged : - categorization - meaning assignment

Answer 74

incremental parallel on multiple levels of analysis context taken into account competition for activation

Answer 75

-context and visual context effect: implementation fo context help reduce Rt which should not happen according to garden path - subcategory effect : option coherent with subcategory rules show faster rt - no longer rt for more compelx structure are recorded ( agains garden path ) if they respect the subcategory rules - people infer a missing argument in cases where a verb requires an argument.: - semantic effect: reduced rt are showed if RR ( usually more costly) have words that she coherent semantic structure with each other ( "the defendant examined" and the "evidence examined"

Answer 76

sometime simpler structure is still preferred over more likely multiple constati is hard to test in some sentences the context effect does not verify

Answer 77

garden path for primary relation and multiple constarin for non primary relations ( so context can influence and multiple structures are constructed only for non primary relations)

Answer 78

limited resources two stage : - simultaneous activation of multiple plausible grammatical structures ( parallel ) - race for activation choice between temporal structural ambiguity where only one choice is correct will take longer according to race becausein half of the case the wrong structure will win and reanalysis will be needed , while ambiguous structural ambiguities will be easier cause whatever result will be ok

Answer 79

inability to correctly parse reluctant to let go fo a structure only because parsing is incorrect

Answer 80

construction integration processing model structure building framework Event Indexing Model ( EIM) structure mapping and focus theory , Current state strategy model

Answer 81

three level of representation : surface , text based, situational two stages ( chunks of text per time, not single words ) : - construction: once surface and text based level of rep are made, all associated concept activated ( automatic ) -integration: if related proposition are active in the working memory we link them into a situational model if not in the woken memory, we search in LTM,-----> if to there either, we discard the proposition

Answer 82

if asked to remember two surface level ( so word by word) , are mistakes are made if they share situational model alike , if asked to say whether a word was present in the story, words that belonged to the situational model were more likely to be stated as present in the long term , text bases in the short term found that words that came from the same proposition were much better retrieval cues than words from different propositions, even when distance in the verbatim form was shorter Errors increase geometrically as the number of propositions to be remembered increases, If any part of the proposition is recalled it is very highly likely that the entire proposition will be recalled reading time increased the more proposition in the text a free association task most likely responses are word from the same proposition

Answer 83

three stages: - laying the foundation ---> concept are activated in an automatic way---> once activated they send either enhancement or suppression - mapping -shifting

Answer 84

saying to to the wrong meaning of a a word with multiple meaning takes time in short time frame, but this phenomenon disappears as time goes by

Answer 85

says that comprehension is achieved when understanding causality so each sentence needs to be the consequence for th previous ,AND the antecedent for the next, otherwise etc e chain is interrupted the easier we find the antecedent , the faster we understand

Answer 86

sentences with higher coherence have faster RT but middle coherence are the easiest to remember ( due to depth of processing )

Answer 87

longer RT for DA ( even when controlled for word repetition) NAI bigger N 400 ( related to comprehension effort) and P 600( related to semantic integration costs= situational model ) for AI ---> those indexes indicate that our brain is doing something rather so it is understanding more in AI compared to other considitons

Answer 88

why we don't have cost for bridging inference if there are verbs needing enriched composition : the "extra step " we usually do when we we look for an antecedent in IA cases, is compensated with the fact that enriched composition mental question ( called QUD ---> ex. want a beer = want what ? to drink) serve as a salient antecedent ( to drink will become an antecedent even if not explicated)

Answer 89

coarticulation = two formant transitions , both of the same letter but from two words with different coarticulation o the transition., are perceived as two different sound --> this is because , despite being the sam phoneme , the gestural score is different duplex perception : when earring two superimposed syllables but with same formant structure, we still hear a sound ( either of the two syllables ) because due to principle of preemption, e still recgognise it as speech VOT: some letter differs only by time onset are still perceived as iifffeenet due to gestural score

multiple questions Flashcards

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