Clinical Psychology Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Freudian Personality Theory
A
Defense mechanisms are used by the ego to ward off anxiety resulting from conflicts between id impulses and the demands of the superego or reality. Defense mechanisms lead to maladaptive behavior when they become the habitual way of dealing with conflict.
2
Q
Reaction Formation - Freudian Psychoanalysis
A
Involves transforming an id impulse into its opposite
3
Q
Sublimation - Freudian Psychoanalysis
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Involves channeling an id impulse into a more acceptable artistic or intellectual activity
4
Q
What is the goal of Freudian Psychoanalysis?
A
To reduce maladaptive behavior by bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness
5
Q
What are the four processes of Freudian Psychoanalysis?
A
- Clarification - Restating a client’s remarks in clearer terms
- Confrontation - making statements or asking questions that help the client see their behavior in a new way
- Interpretation - Bringing a client’s unconscious material into conscious awareness
- Working Through - preceded by catharsis and insight, involving assimilation of new insights into the personality
6
Q
Jung’s Personality Theory
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Personality is the result of both conscious and unconscious processes. Mid and late adulthood involve increasing individuation in which the ego becomes more focused on self
7
Q
What are the two components of the unconscious in Jung’s Personality Theory?
A
- Personal Unconscious - personal experiences that are not currently available to conscious awareness.
- Collective Unconscious - archetypes (collective experiences of the human race)
8
Q
What is the primary goal of Jung’s Analytic Psychology?
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To bridge the gap between the conscious and the personal and collective unconscious
9
Q
What techniques are promoted by Jung’s Analytic Psychology?
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Interpretation of transferences, dreams, and other phenomena that help the client become more aware of their inner world
10
Q
Object Relations Personality Theory
A
People have an innate need for satisfying relationships with objects (other people) and personality and behavior are largely determined by early internalized representations of the self and objects (introjects)
11
Q
What did Mahler emphasize in Object Relations Approaches?
A
The importance of the separation-individuation process in which the outcome is the achievement of a separate identity. Problems in this process may lead to maladaptive behavior in adulthood.
12
Q
What does the feminist revision of the object relations theory propose?
A
Gender differences can be traced to difference in mother-son and mother-daughter parenting practices. As a result of these differences, male identity is defined in terms of separation and female identity is based on relations with others.
13
Q
What are four commonalities among Humanistic Psychotherapies?
A
- Each person is unique.
- Recognize the influence of the past, but focus on the present.
- People have an innate capacity for growth or self-actualization.
- Reject traditional assessment techniques and diagnostic labels
14
Q
Person Centered Therapy Personality Theory
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People have an innate self-actualization tendency that serves as a source of motivation. Self-concept is described as part of the person’s experience.
15
Q
According to person-centered personality theory, when does the self-concept become disorganized?
A
The self-concept becomes disorganized when the person experiences incongruence between self and experience as the result of conditional positive regard. Incongruence causes anxiety that the individual may attempt to alleviate through distortion or denial of the self or experience.
16
Q
In person-centered therapy, how does the clinician help the client achieve congruence between self and experience?
A
- Using unconditional positive regard
- Using genuineness
- Using accurate empathic understanding (showing empathy by communicating that they see the world as their client does)
17
Q
Gestalt Personality Theory
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People have the capacity to self-regulate, or assume responsibility for fulfilling their own physical and psychological needs. It considers the primary motivator of human behavior to be an innate striving for
equilibrium (homeostasis).
18
Q
Contact Boundary
A
The point of contact between a person and the environment in Gestalt Theory.
19
Q
According to Gestalt Theory, when does maladaptive behavior occur?
A
When there is a growth-disturbance. It develops when a boundary disturbance interferes with the ability to maintain a state of equilibrium.
20
Q
Introjection
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In Gestalt Theory, it is the tendency to passively accept the values, attitudes, and beliefs of others
without truly understanding them
21
Q
Retroflection
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In Gestalt Theory, it involves directing feelings toward others inward.
22
Q
Confluence
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In Gestalt Theory, it is a complete absence of a boundary between self and others that results in an inability to perceive oneself as a separate person.
23
Q
What is the primary goal of Gestalt therapy?
A
To help the client restore his/her ability to self-regulate. Various strategies are used to increase the client’s awareness of how he/she functions in the environment and help the client integrate his/her thoughts, feelings, and actions.
24
Q
What techniques are used in Gestalt therapy?
A
Empty chair technique - helps clients stay in the present so they can understand their feelings more fully.
Dream work - the “royal road to integration” with aspects of a dream representing unacknowledged or disowned parts of the past.
25
Interpersonal Therapy
Focuses on aspects of the client’s interpersonal relationships that have contributed to current symptoms. It is based on a medical model that regards depression and other symptoms as signs of a medical illness.
26
What four interpersonal issues does interpersonal therapy target?
1. Role disputes
2. Role transitions
3. Unresolved grief
4. Interpersonal Deficits
27
What are the primary goals of interpersonal therapy and how are they achieved?
The primary goal is symptom reduction and improved interpersonal functioning. They achieve this through education, instillation of hope, and pharmacotherapy.
28
Solution-Focused Therapy
Solution-Focused therapy focuses on solutions to problems. The client is viewed as the expert and the therapist acts as a consultant or collaborator.
29
How is therapy structured in solution-focused therapy?
In the initial session, the client identifies specific therapy goals, responds to the miracle question (what it would be like if their problems were removed and issues addressed), identifies exceptions, and rates his/her current status with regard to the problem. In subsequent sessions begin with the question, “What’s better since the last time we met” and the strategies of the initial session are repeated.
30
Transtheoretical Model
It is based on the assumption that the focus of therapy should be on change and proposes that the change process is essentially the same regardless of the target behavior. It asserts that, to be effective, an intervention must match the client’s current stage of change. It considers the goal of any intervention to be to help the client move to the next stage of change.
31
What are the 6 steps of change in the transtheoretical model?
1. Precontemplation - no intention of changing in the next six months
2. Contemplation - planning to start making changes in the next six months, but may be ambivalent about doing so
3. Preparation - intends to take action in the next month
4. Action - made some changes in the past six months
5. Maintenance - working to prevent relapse
6. Termination - maintained behavioral changes for 5 years
32
Motivational Interviewing
The primary goal is to increase the client’s intrinsic motivation to change by overcoming his/her resistance and ambivalence. It combines the transtheoretical model with client-centered therapy and the notion of self-efficacy.
33
What are the 3 therapy techniques used in group therapy?
1. Reduce premature termination by pre-screening potential members and providing pre-therapy orientation
2. The therapist acts as technical expert and participant-model
3. The concurrent group and individual therapies should be provided only in certain circumstances (e.g., when a group member is experiencing a crisis)
34
What are the 3 formative stages of group therapy?
1. Initial Stage (orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, and dependency) - group members engage in limited communication that’s restricted primarily to seeking and giving advice
2. Transition stage (conflict, dominance, and rebellion) - advice giving is replaced by criticism and other negative comments
3. Working stage (development of cohesiveness) -characterized by a high degree of trust and cohesion among group members
35
Cybernetics
Were originally described by a mathematician and then applied to family communication processes. The key concept is the feedback loop. A negative feedback loop reduces deviation and maintains the stats quo. A positive feedback loop amplifies deviation and disrupts the status quo.
36
What are symmetrical interactions in family therapy?
When two people mirror each other's behavior
37
What is complimentary interaction in family therapy?
When one person's behavior complements another person's behavior
38
What is double-bind communication?
A psychological predicament in which a person receives from a single source conflicting messages that allow no appropriate response to be made.
39
What techniques are used in family therapy?
Focusing on the present, adopting a problem-solving approach, and using a combination of direct and paradoxical techniques.
40
What is an emotional triangle in extended family systems therapy?
When two family members recruit a third member to dilute the tension between them.
41
What is a multigenerational transmission process in extended family systems therapy?
It occurs when increasingly lower levels of differentiation are passed down from one generation to the next.
42
What is the primary goal of Extended Family Systems Therapy by Bowen?
The primary goal is to increase the differentiation of all family members. Bowenian therapists often see only the partners (or most differentiated family member) and form a therapeutic triangle with them.
43
What is used to depict family relationships and as an assessment tool in Bowen's extended family therpay?
A genogram
44
What is the goal of Minuchin's structural family therapy?
The primary goal is to restructure the family so it’s better able to adapt to stress. It is based on the premise that action precedes understanding.
45
What 3 techniques are used in Minuchin's structural family therapy?
1. Joining - adopting the family's behavioral, affective, and communication style.
2. Enactment - having family members role-play a problematic interaction
3. Family map - used to clarify the family structure
46
What are disengagement and enmeshment caused by according to Minuchin's structural family therapy
Disengagement is caused by boundaries (rules that define how family members interact) that are rigid and inflexible. Enmeshment occurs when boundaries are very permeable and blurred.
47
What are the 3 types of dynamics parents can have with their children in Minuchin's structural family therapy?
1. Detouring - when a parent overprotects a child or blames them for the family's problems
2. Triangulation - when each parent demands that the child side with them rather than the other parent
3. Stable coalition - when a parent and child consistently gang up against the other parent
48
Haley's Strategic Family Therapy
Communication is a source of power, which refers to the ability to control a relationship with another person. In families, power is often determined by hierarchies. The use of communication to control a relationship is problematic when that purpose is unacknowledged or denied.
49
What is the goal of Haley's strategic family therapy?
The overall goal is to resolve the family’s presenting problem by altering faulty
communication patterns. Specific goals related to the presenting problem are identified at the outset of therapy and a variety of strategies are used to achieve these goals. According to this theory, change does not require understanding and only occurs when directions of the therapist are followed.
50
What four therapeutic or paradoxical directives are provided in Haley's strategic family therapy?
1. Prescribing the symptom - telling a family member to deliberately engage in the symptom
2. Ordeal - requires the family member to follow the target behavior with an unpleasant consequences
3. Restraining - creates resistance by telling family members to go slow
4. Reframing - relabeling the symptom to help family members see it in an alternative way
51
What are credibility and giving in Sue and Zane's therapeutic ideas of cultural competence?
Credibility refers to the client’s perception that the therapist is effective and trustworthy and is affected by the therapist’s status. Ascribed status is the therapist's position or role and achieved status is determined by the client's perception of the therapist.
Giving refers to the client’s perception that he/she has received some benefit from therapy.
52
What are etic and emic approaches to therapy?
Etic (universalistic) approach is when a therapist believes the same behavioral principles apply equally to all cultures.
Emic (culture specific) approach is when a therapist recognizes that the same behaviors may have different meanings in different cultures.
53
Cross' Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model
The model is based on the assumption that identity development is directly related to racial oppression.
54
What are the four stages of race salience according to the Black Racial Identity Development Model?
1. Pre-encounter stage - race has low salience
2. Encounter stage - a person is more aware of racism
3. Immersion-emersion stage - race salience is increased and the person becomes immersed in Black culture
4. Internalization stage - adopted a pro-Black identity, a non-racist orientation, or a biculturist/multiculturist orientation
55
What are the 6 stages of race-related experiences in Helms' White Racial Identity Development Model?
1. Contact Stage - lack of racial awareness and exhibit racist attitudes and beliefs
2. Disintegration stage - greater awareness of racial differences, leading to moral conflicts and anxiety
3. Reintegration stage - resolve conflicts by adopting racist views
4. Pseudo-independence stage - begin to question their racist beliefs
5. Immersion-emersion stage - replaced stereotypes with more accurate information
6. Autonomy stage - adopted a non-racist White identity
56
What are primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions?
1. Primary - designed to prevent the development of mental health problems by providing interventions to groups of people
2. Secondary preventions - designed to reduce the prevalence of mental health problems and are aimed at particular individuals who have been identified as being at high risk
3. Tertiary preventions - aimed at people who already have a mental health problem in order to reduce their risk for relapse or chronicity
57
Eysenck's Review
No therapy is better than eclectic or psychoanalytic therapy. Criticized on methodological grounds.
58
Smith, Glass, and Miller's Meta
Average effect size of .85 for a variety of therapies and disorders
59
Howard et al.
75% of therapy clients show measurable improvement after 26 therapy sessions.
60
Which psychoanalyst is generally identified as the first to formally adapt and apply psychoanalytic principles to the understanding of the family?
Nathan Ackerman
61
Who described "personal constructs" as bipolar dimensions of meaning that determine how a person perceives, interprets, and predicts events?
George Kelly
62
Data published by Hans Eysenck in 1952:
Challenged the effectiveness of conventional psychotherapeutic interventions
63
Helm's 1995 White Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between 6 statuses with each status being associated with a different information processing strategy. For instance, the "flexibility and complexity" strategy is a characteristic of what status?
Autonomy
64
As described by Sue and Sue (1999), "playing it cool" and "Uncle Tom Syndrome" are:
Survival mechanisms
65
What are Sophie's four stages of gay and lesbian identity development?
1. First Awareness
2. Testing and Exploration
3. Identity Acceptance
4. Identity Integration
66
In A Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy, 3 multicultural competencies are described. What are they?
Ability, Knowledge, and Sensitivity
67
In her discussion of African American middle-class families, Boyd-Franklin (1989) noted that, in
terms of family roles, these families tended to be:
Egalitarian
68
The triangular model of supervision puts emphasis on:
Providing services to clients
69
Irvin Yalom's therapeutic factors of group work consist of:
Yalom's 11 curative factors include altruism, cohesion, universality, interpersonal learning input and output, guidance, catharsis, identification, family re-enactment, self-understanding, instillation of hope, and existential factors.
70
Racism is defined as:
Racial Prejudice + Power
71
A U.S. study of WWI era German immigrants found that those who experienced discrimination were more likely to:
Assimilate
72
What is colonial mentality?
A form of internalized oppression in which the colonized
culture and society are considered inferior to the culture and society of the colonizer.
73
According to past research, matching a therapy client to his/her therapist in terms of race:
Is a more accurate predictor of treatment length than treatment outcome
74
Bateson, Jackson, Haley, and Weakland (1956) identified double-bind communication as an etiological factor for which disorder?
Schizophrenia
75
The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model proposed by Atkinson, Morten, and Sue (1993) is based on the assumption that the stages of identity development reflect changes in:
One's attitudes toward members of minority and
dominant cultures
76
A practitioner of which of the following is most likely to agree that the therapist's role is to bring unconscious issues that exist within a family to a conscious level?
Object Relations Family Therapy
77
Ledley, Foa, & Huppert (2005) consulted with David Clark to develop a comprehensive CBT treatment manual for which disorder?
Social Phobia
78
A Milan systemic family therapist will emphasize the use of what in therapy?
Circular questions
79
What is a parallel process in supervision?
Parallel process occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the supervisor in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist.
80
According to Gregory Herek, ______________ refers to "cultural ideologies that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals."
Heterosexism
81
__________ can be viewed as a phenomenon that provides a therapist with opportunities to "hear" the message behind a client's overt behavior.
Countertransference
82
A therapist instructs a client who suffers from insomnia to polish his hardwood floors for at least two hours whenever he wakes up during the night. Apparently this therapist is familiar with the work of:
Milton Erikson. The task described in the question is an example of an "ordeal".
83
A "teleological" approach is most closely associated with which theorist
Adler believed that behavior is determined by future goals. A teleological approach views behavior and personality as being "pulled" by a subjective future rather than being "pushed" by an objective past (e.g., by heredity or environmental events).
84
A practitioner of existential therapy is most likely to say that "existential anxiety" is:
Existential anxiety is conceptualized as a normal response to the constant threat of nonbeing (death). Existential therapies are derived from existential philosophy and share an emphasis on the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation. For existential therapists, behaviors commonly perceived as "maladaptive" are a natural part of being human.
85
As described by Edward T. Hall (1969), __________ communication relies heavily on nonverbal cues and group identification.
High-context communication is anchored in the situation and relies heavily on nonverbal cues and group identification and understanding. According to Hall, high-context communication is characteristic of many ethnic/cultural minority groups.
86
Hypnosis is best described as a response to suggestion involving:
An alteration in memory, mood, and perception
87
Carl Jung's archetypes are best conceptualized as:
Universal primordial images or patterns
88
Kelly's Personal Construct Therapy
Based on the premise that psychological processes are determined by how we construe events. He further asserted that the way we construe events is based on our personal constructs.
89
Adler's Individual Psychology
Adlerian theory is based on the assumption that mental ailments represent a mistaken style of life, which is characterized by maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, a preoccupation with achieving personal power, and a lack of social interest.
90
In the context of psychotherapy research, a "placebo" ordinarily involves providing participants with what?
Nonspecific factors of psychotherapy, such as attention and support.
91
Gregory Herek proposed that word homophobia be replaced with:
Sexual stigma, heterosexism, and sexual prejudice
92
Ho (1987) recommended the use of a(n) __________ approach when working with African American therapy clients.
Ecostructural. Ho's term for multisystems.
93
Martin and Hetrick (1988) found that the primary presenting problem for gay and lesbian teens presenting to a social service agency was:
Social and emotional isolation
94
In structural family therapy, "joining" depends on:
The therapist's ability to adapt to the family
95
An emphasis on contact, awareness, and experimentation is central to which of the following therapies?
Gestalt Therapy
96
As defined by Wrenn (1985), a "culturally encapsulated" counselor"
Disregards cultural differences and his/her own cultural biases
97
For members of minority groups, long-term exposure to racial oppression is most likely to result in:
attempting to earn acceptance by acquiring material goods and other signs of status.
98
What term described the Lockean tradition underlying the Western approach to individual psychotherapy?
Relativistic
99
Sue and Sue (1990) describe the worldview of counselors and their clients in terms of two dimmensions --locus of control and locus of responsibility - and proproate that members in the minority groups are becoming increasingly more likely to exhibit what type of worldview?
Internal locus of control/external locus of responsibility
