Clinical Psychology

Question 1

What is Deviance?

Answer 1

Persons thoughts or behaviour that differ from societal norms.

If a person differ from the statistical norm (eg BMI) then they could be deviant

Question 2

What is distress?

Answer 2

Behaviour that is unpleasant or upsetting cause emotional pain/anxiety

Need to be viewed separately as subjective as what is distressing to one and not to others

eg hearing voices or PTSD

Question 3

What is dysfunction?

Answer 3

A persons inability to perform daily activities or inability to function independently like not socialising

Eg OCD

Question 4

What is Danger?

Answer 4

Careless or hostile behaviour that poses threat to people around them

Eg anorexia or self harm

Question 5

What are two strengths in methods of diagnosing mental disorders?

Answer 5

Remick found 3x increase in number of sick days in the months preceding workers with depression showing mental health causes disruption

Davis found those with mental illnesses had 25% more chance of dying of unatural causes, shows danger associated with mental health

Question 6

What are two weaknesses in methods of diagnosing mental disorders?

Answer 6

Davis says using the 4 D’s ignores duration of the behaviour so it less accurate in diagnosis

Some abnormal behaviours need diagnosis by clinicians so there is interpretation bias in diagnosis so less valid

Question 7

How does the ICD-10 group disorders?

Answer 7

Based on types of symptoms present

All disorders represented by code beginning with F
Then a digit to represent the family it belongs to
Then a second digit to signify a specific disorder

Question 8

What does F20-29 and F50-59 represent?

Answer 8

F20-29=schizophrenia and delusional disorders like paranoia- F20.0 is schizophrenia

F50-59= behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors-

F50 is anorexia nervosa

Question 9

What do the 2 annexes cover in the ICD10?

Answer 9

Annex 1: disorders that are being researched eg Narcissistic personality disorder (Lily)

Annex 2: Cultural disorders and can be linked or variation of existing disorder eg Pa-Leng, fear of the cold

Question 10

What are 3 strengths of the
ICD-10?

Answer 10

Pihlajamaa found ICD-10 was valid as it produced diagnosis of sz that was consistent with other classification systems

ICD is standardised as each diagnosis has a code the same for every patient so more reliable and consistent diagnosis

Powers found women with PTSD had higher alcohol and substance abuse as predicted by ICD- had good predictive validity

Question 11

What are 3 weaknesses of the ICD-10?

Answer 11

Cheniaux found when psychiatrists assessed 100 in-patients ICD-10 more likely to diagnose sz than DSM-IV suggesting its not consistent with other classification systems

Jansson found that because ICD had different features/symptoms compared to other diagnosis systems so less valid in measuring sz

interpretation bias when selecting correct F code to use by researcher so lower reliability as diagnosis not consistent with all therapists

Question 12

What was the aim of Goldsteins study?

Answer 12

See if females experienced less severe symptoms of schizophrenia than males and check reliability of DSM

Question 13

What was the sample of Goldsteins study?

Answer 13

90 patients from New York psychiatric hospital staying less than 6 months

Data was collected over 10 years and 199 patients used to check reliability

Question 14

What was the procedure of Goldstein’s study?

Answer 14

Hopspital gave histories on 199 patients and DSM III used to re-diagnose patients by 2 experts who blind to hypothesis

Primary data about symptoms of sz from interviews using specific set of questions

Questionnares measuring premorbid functioning asking about relationships

Secondary data on how many times somone re-hospitalised collected at 5 and 10 year intervals

Question 15

What were the results of Goldsteins study?

Answer 15

correlation of 0.80 found between experts 169 re-diagnosed with sz

women experience less sever sz than men

women had less re-hospitalisation than men

premorbid factors affected re-hospitalisation

Question 16

What was the procedure of Goldstein’s study?

Answer 16

Hospital gave histories on 199 patients and DSM III used to re-diagnose patients by 2 experts who blind to hypothesis

Primary data about symptoms of sz from interviewers using specific set of questions

Questionnaires measuring premorbid functioning asking about relationships

Secondary data on how many times someone re-hospitalised collected at 5 and 10 year intervals

Question 17

What are 2 strengths of Goldstein’s study?

Answer 17

psychiatrists re-diagnosed sz blind to the hypothesis so less bias in diagnosis-high valid

Standardised method used in set interview questioned asked to collected primary data so more reliable

Question 18

What are 2 weaknesses of Goldstein’s study?

Answer 18

Only used patients from NY so less representative of SZ patients across world so cant generalise results

Social desirability in questionnaire and structure interview- patients may not give truthful answers about symptoms so less valid results

Question 19

What was the aim of Rosenhans study?

Answer 19

Wanted to investigate life in psychiatric hospital and researcher bias in relation to the DSM

Question 20

What was the sample of Rosenhan study?

Answer 20

Doctors and nurses in 12 hospitals across 5 states

Range of hipsitals used: old, new, well staffed and understaffed.

Covert participant observation in natural setting of hospital to observed ppts

Question 21

What was the procedure of rosenhans study?

Answer 21

8 pseudo patients (no history of mental health problems)

Pseudo patients rung hospitals saying they heard voices “empty hollow thud”

Pseudo patients have false name and Job but all other details true like relationships

Once admitted they stop showing symptoms and behaved normal while taking notes and trying to convince staff they sane

Question 22

What were the results of rosenhans study?

Answer 22

11 out 12 hospitals admitted pseudo patients

All admitted with diagnosis of schizophrenia but one who was manic depression- all discharged being on remission

Average stay was 19 days, ignored 88% time by nurses and psychiatrists only did verbal responses 2% of time, only 2 tablets taken

Real patients suspected pseudos were sane and staff wrote their behaviour down like pacing hallways became “nervousness”

Question 23

What was the follow up study of Rosenhan?

Answer 23

A institution did a similar study to test the results

Staff rated patients on 10 point scale on probability they could be psuedopatient

Over 3 months 193 patients assessed and 19 judged as fake by at least 2 staff but no pseudos were sent to the hospital

Question 24

What did Rosenhans study conclude?

Answer 24

Diagnostics like the DSM=inaccurate outcomes and less valid

Behaviour after diagnosis is labelled in what is associated with diagnosis which could lead to self fulfilling prophecy

Question 25

What are 2 strengths of rosenhans study?

Answer 25

Standardised words of “empty, hollow, thud” mean each hospital admission is reliable and consistent

Quantitative data of % of being ignored or number of pills taken recorded which can objectively be analysed so more accurate

Question 26

What are 2 weaknesses of rosenhans study?

Answer 26

Low in generalisability, only used hospitals in USA not representative of hospitals in rest of world

Low in controls as it is natural hospital setting so extraneous variables like nurses own expectations of mental illnesses so less accurate

Question 27

What statistical technique does the DSM use to diagnoses people?

Answer 27

Cluster analysis where groups or clusters of symptoms are identified and labelled

Question 28

What is section 1 and 2 of the DSM-5

Answer 28

Section 1: introduction and explanation of how to use the manual

Section 2: diagnostic criteria and codes with 20 diff categories. Explains what symptoms must be present and others that must be ruled out to diagnose

Eg to be diagnosed with schizophrenia must have experienced 2 of symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms or disorganised speech

Question 29

What is section 3 of the DMS-5

Answer 29

Ways to evaluate patients like cultural formulation with uses interviews to understand someone’s culture to get accurate diagnosis

Has emerging disorders that need more study like internet gaming disorder

Uses assessment measure to focus on general mental functioning or severity of disorder to get dimensional approach of disorder.

Question 30

What are 3 strengths of the DSM?

Answer 30

Rosenhan study found 7 out of 8 pseudo patients diagnosed with schizophrenia showing it can be reliable

Brown found using DSM-5 criteria more patients diagnosed with anorexia rather than eating disorder not otherwise specified compared to DSM 4 so more valid and accurate

Standardised method of cluster analysis for diagnosing disorders in same way so more reliable and consistent

Question 31

What are 3 weaknesses of the DSM?

Answer 31

Cheniaux found when psychiatrists assessed 100 in-patients ICD-10 more likely to diagnose sz than DSM-IV suggesting its not consistent with other classification systems

Schwartz found Afro Americans 3-4 more times likely to be diagnosed as psychotic than euro Americans so less accurate as affected by ethnicity

Interpretation bias of the psychiatrist when selecting symptoms based on their understanding of cluster analysis based on their training of the Manual so less accurate diagnosis as depends on experience of psychiatrist

Question 32

What are the 5 types of validity in diagnosis and classification systems?

Answer 32

External validity: how much disorder can be generalised to patients with same symptoms or causes

Internal validity: whether diagnosis is due to symptoms listed and not other factor like gender or culture

Concurrent validity: amount research is similar to other research at same time

Predictive validity: amount research is similar to other research in past to predict future outcomes

Aetiological validity: if sufferer of disorder has same casual factors/symptoms as other people

Question 33

What are the 4 types of reliablity in diagnosis and classification systems?

Answer 33

External reliability: how much diagnosis varies each time it’s tested using classification system

Internal reliability: how reliable it is compared to itself over time

Test-retest reliability: Tested using cohens kappa which says amount of ppl receive the same diagnosis when re-assessed

Inter-rate reliability: extent that same diagnosis given by diff psychiatrist for same patient

Question 34

What are 4 important HCPC guidelines?

Answer 34

5. Be aware of impact of culture, equality and diversity on practice
6. Understand importance and Maintain confidentially

13 understand key concepts of knowledge base relevant to profession

14. Draw on knowledge or skills to inform practice

Question 35

What are some statistics on the rates of schizophrenia?

Answer 35

WHO estimated that around 1 in 300 people have sz

50% of those in mental hospitals have sz diagnosis but only 31% receive specialist help

Question 36

What are some statistics on the gender of schizophrenics?

Answer 36

Rena says Males have earlier onset schizophrenia (21-25) compared to women (25-35)

Bushe says suicide rates are higher in males than females

Question 37

What are some statistics on the life expectancy of schizophrenics?

Answer 37

Lifetime suicide rates in sz is 10% and is largest contributor to decreased life expectancy in sz patients

WHO says sz patients 2 or 3 times more likely to die early than general pop

Question 38

What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 38

Hallucinations: auditory or visual experiences which are real to suffer and often negative but can be positive

Delusions: Paranoia-someone is against them, delusions of grandeur-they hold power over others, thought insertion-thoughts given to them by someone else

Disordered thinking: hard to put thoughts in order and easily distracted known as ‘word salad’ can also make up words

Question 39

What are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 39

Negative symptoms: something missing from normal behaviour

Emotional disturbance: ‘blunting’ which involves reacting inappropriately or not at all emotionally

Psychomotor disturbances: Become mute or unmoving or over excited

Lack of volition: social withdrawal, not talking to family or friends and lack of motivation for daily tasks

Question 40

What are the types of schizophrenia?

Answer 40

Paranoid: hallucinations, delusions of grandeur or persecution

Catatonic: little movement, staying in one position

Residual: low positive and high negative symptoms

Schizoaffective disorder: patients have episodes of sz but also has features of mood disorders.

Undifferentiated: category for anyone who doesn’t meet other categories

Question 41

What does the Neurotransmitter explanation of schizophrenia state?

Answer 41

Changes to neurotransmitter levels in diff pathways can lead to sz symptoms.

Schizophrenia is caused by fluctuation in levels of dopamine in brain.

Question 42

What happens in the Mesolimbic pathway?

Answer 42

Associated with rewards and pleasure.
More dopamine leads to positive symptoms

high dopamine may be caused by low glutamate which causes GABA to stop inhibiting dopamine.

This can also cause thalamus to stop filtering sensory info causing hallucinations

D2 receptors higher density in sz patients and more sensitive making more dopamine bind to them

Excess of serotonin can increase serotonin receptors reducing glutamate and increasing dopamine.

Question 43

What happens in the Meso-cortical pathway?

Answer 43

Little dopamine here can lead to negative symptoms

Runs through cortex of brain and important for emotion and higher cognitive functioning.

Low dopamine in this pathway may be cause by low glutamate which acts as brake causing negative symptoms

Blocking D2 receptors in mesocortical lead to lack of sensitivity to dopamine

Question 44

Name 3 strengths of neurotransmitters explanation?

Answer 44

Carlssons study found ppl given amphetamines had high dopamine in basal ganglia than control=more likley to exhibit sz symptoms

Seeman, density of D4 receptors is 6x more in schizophrenics so more sensitive to dopamine and psychotic symptoms

Reductionist as simplifies sz to just neurotransmitters so can predict positive and negative symptoms of sz and use drug treatment to intervene.

Question 45

Name 3 weaknesses of neurotransmitters explanation?

Answer 45

Depatie & Lal found giving ppl drugs that increased dopamine didn’t create sz symptoms so not only explanation

Hickling, stress of urban living made African carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10x more likely to experience sz so more to do with environment

Ignores other factors like genetics and DRD2 gene or environment so hard to establish cause and affect

Question 46

What was the aim and method of Carlssons study?

Answer 46

Wanted to review relationship between dopamine and sz by looking at other neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin and glutamate

Method was meta analysis of 33 studies. 14 of them done by Carlssons and many involving PET scans and animal research

Question 47

What were the findings of dopamine hypothesis in Carlssons study?

Answer 47

Dopamine supported:
PET scans of when ppl given amphetamines higher dopamine release in basal ganglia than controls and more likely to have positive sz symptoms

Dopamine criticised: not all schizophrenics had high dopamine some had normal levels

Question 48

What did Carlssons study find out about the role of glutamate in schizophrenia?

Answer 48

Acts as both accelerator and brake in different parts of the brain so not just dopamine

In meso-limbic if glutamate low then low GABA which means it can’t inhibit dopamine=positive symptoms

In the meso-cortical pathway if glutamate levels low, doesn’t accelerate dopamine and levels drop leading to negative symptoms

PCP drugs inhibits NMDA receptors (a glutamate receptor) Cause high dopamine levels and sz symptoms

NMDA receptors also stimulate 5-HT (serotonin receptors) suggesting serotonin is linked to low glutamate and contributes to negative symptoms in meso-cortical

Question 49

What did Carlssons study find out of schizophrenia models and therapy?

Answer 49

2 experimental models: excessive dopamine model and inhibited glutamate model

Useful for drug therapy as they focus on certain neurotransmitters rather than combination, suggesting drugs may be effective for certain individuals

Question 50

What was the conclusion of Carlssons study?

Answer 50

Carlsson suggested further study of glutamate deficiency to understand sz and serotonin as it and dopamine both contribute to symptoms of sz

Question 51

What are 3 strengths of Carlssons study?

Answer 51

PET scans of peoples brains on amphetamines which are objective as we can see which neurotransmitters activate in different pathways

Reductionist as only focuses on neurotransmitters like glutamate as cause of sz so can use to predict symptoms of sz

Secondary data used which allows for in depth understanding of how neurotransmitters affect symptoms of sz so more holistic view

Question 52

What are 3 weaknesses of Carlssons study?

Answer 52

Restricted sample of animals used in some of collected studies- less generalisable data to humans about sz

Interpretation bias of PET scans and levels of neurotransmitters so results less valid

Used meta analysis and 14 of Carlssons own studies so may be researcher bias in what studies are picked to support the hypothesis so lower val results

Question 53

What does the biological explanation of schizophrenia state?

Answer 53

Schizophrenia inherited from parents- variation of genes increases risk of sz

Schizophrenic runs in families if one of parents has sz inheritance chance 1 in 5
If both have it it’s 1 in 3

Question 54

What does the DRD2 gene do?

Answer 54

DRD2 gene codes for D2 receptors and involved in the reinforcement and reward system

D2 receptor activity is associated with the production positive symptoms in schizophrenics as it affects cognitive dysfunction.

Question 55

What is the COMT gene?

Answer 55

Gives instructions to make enzymes that are used to breakdown neurotransmitters

The MB-COMT enzyme mostly in the prefrontal cortex, problems with its production can both increase, and decrease dopamine.

Located on chromosome 22 and people with a defect in this gene are 30x more likely to develop schizophrenia.

Question 56

What is the Diathesis stress model?

Answer 56

People are born vulnerable to developing schizophrenia due to genetics but need to be raised in a stressful environment for it to trigger.

Question 57

What are 3 strengths of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia?

Answer 57

Gottesman found for severe sz concordance rate for MZ twins was 75% but 24% for DZ twins showing genetics involved in sz

Virgos found significant difference in frequency of DRD2 gene in sz patients and control suggesting defect in this gene increase sz

Reductionist as simplify development of sz into just genetics so can use to predict who will get sz based on their genetics-useful

Question 58

What are 3 weaknesses of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia?

Answer 58

Hickling found stress of urban living made Afro Caribbean immigrants 8-10x more likely to develop sz so more to do with environment

Carlssons study found ppl given amphetamines had high dopamine in basal ganglia than control so more to do with neurotransmitters than genetics

Hard to establish causes and effect between genetics and sz as could be factors like environment so less valid explanation of sz

Question 59

What does the non biological (environmental) explanation of schizophrenia state?

Answer 59

Sz is reaction to social environment.
More sz in lower classes/unemployed/deprived areas

More likely to be taken to police or social services for treatment of sz in poor stress leading to more long term cases

Question 60

What are the factors in the environment that lead to schizophrenia?

Answer 60

Unemployment and poverty: more stress could lead to poor working memory and decision making=paranoia

Adversity to adult life: childlike state to avoid adult responsibilities=blunting

Social isolation: life in urban area lead to negative symptoms=social withdrawal

Poor housing/overcrowding: sensory overload and hallucinations/paranoia

High crime areas: lead to social withdrawal or taking drugs=paranoia or delusions

Separation from parents as child: no one to teach responses lead to emotional disturbances=blunting

Question 61

What are 3 strengths of the social environmental explanation of schizophrenia?

Answer 61

Hickling found stress of urban living made Afro Caribbean immigrants 8-10x more likely to develop sz, supports social situation plays a role in sz

Veiling found immigrants in isolated neighbourhoods had higher sz rates than mixed neighbourhood communties- where you live affects development of sz

Reductionist as focuses simply on social situation as reason for sz so can predict and change housing policy

Question 62

What are 3 weaknesses of the social environmental explanation of schizophrenia?

Answer 62

Gottesman found for severe sz concordance rate for MZ twins was 75% but 24% for DZ twins-suggests genetics has bigger role to play than environment

Carlssons study found ppl given amphetamines had high dopamine in basal ganglia than control so more to do with neurotransmitters than social situation

Seeman, density of D4 receptors is 6x more in schizophrenics more sensitive to dopamine and psychotic symptoms-more to do with neurotransmitters like dopamine than social situation

Question 63

What does the drug treatment of schizophrenia state?

Answer 63

Aims to change biochemistry of brain to reduce symptoms of sz

Mostly given in tablet form and can be injected but not a cure only manage symptoms

They antipsychotic drugs and block receptors and reduce neurotransmitters in brain.

Come in typical and atypical form and which one works for a patient found out through trail and error

Question 64

What do typical antipsychotic drugs do?
(Like cocaine)

Answer 64

Reduce dopamine only and treat positive symptoms by being antagonist

Work by blocking D2 receptors in post synaptic neuron by stopping dopa from binding to receptors.

Blocking D2 reduces dopamine between neurons to normal and reduces positive symptoms

Question 65

What do Atypical antipsychotic drugs do?

Answer 65

Reduce dopamine and serotonin and treat negative and positive symptoms as they both antagonist and agonists =increase/decrease dopa

In Meso-limbic pathway bind to D2 receptors and reduce dopa activity

Meso-cortical, stimulate serotonin receptors which are on GABA neurons. This low GABA activates glutamate which changes dopa levels=better cognitive functioning like learning

Question 66

What are 3 strengths of drug treatment for schizophrenia?

Answer 66

Hartling did meta analysis of effectiveness of drugs and found typical antipsychotics treat + symptoms and atypical treat negative symptoms showing they’re effective at treating sz

Reductionist as give simple treatment only focusing on changing neurotransmitter levels so useful as can predict and apply drugs to people

Scientific as you can check levels of neurotransmitter in the brain when testing if drugs treat symptoms

Question 67

What are 3 weaknesses of drug treatment for schizophrenia?

Answer 67

?: 100 to 1 day treatment for sz

Rector found CBT and routine care together more effective than other therapies for schizophrenia symptoms

Ignores individual differences like environment eg where someone lives so less effective treatment

Question 68

What does cognitive behavioural therapy state?

Answer 68

Identifies stressful situations/emotions leading to faulty cognitions of patient and behaviour techniques to cope with sz symptoms

Adapted to meet needs of individual and takes 12/20 sessions in 3 stages

Question 69

What is stage 1: identifying symptoms and setting goals, of Cogntive behavioural therapy?

Answer 69

Stage 1: build trust between patient and therapists and that they understand CBT

Therapist then listens to their thoughts about their symptoms, they ask questions to understand their vulnerabilities to stress to deal with faulty thoughts and stress triggers

Goals for therapy agreed upon which must be attainable for patients and consequences used as motivation

Question 70

What is stage 2: develop and practice strategies for coping, of cognitive behavioural therapy?

Answer 70

Therapists teaches strategies for stressful situations and benefits of are reviewed in therapy like structuring day into blocks and improving daily living skills

Identify tress using stress thermometer to identify early symptoms

ABC model used where patients categorise consequences (C) of symptoms and the activating events (A) emphasising connection between A and C then patients false beliefs (B) discussed as actual cause of these events

Hallucinations/delusions not directly challenged but seen as reaction to stress and verbally challenge their perceived reality encrouaging patient to collect evidence through activites outside of therapy

Develops self esteem by educating person about their sz and trying to de-stigmatise by making them recognises there more than one person with a diagnosis reducing their loneliness

Question 71

What is stage 3: maintaining therapy goals, of cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 71

Involves dealing with anxiety about treatment ending and ways to maintain goals oustide therapy

Reviews progress and again identifies the early warning signs and stressors and how to deal with them in real world and in emergency situation

Gradually reduce sessions over time but if still needed can do booster sessions

Question 72

What are 3 strengths of cognitive behavioural therapy? (CBT)

Answer 72

Rector found CBT and routine care more effective than any other therapy for sz showing it’s effective in reducing schizophrenic symptoms

Standardised procedure of phases all clinicians follow so more reliable way to apply for patients to reduce sz symptom

Also Bradshaw found it was effective as reduced days in hospitals from 60 to 1 day

Question 73

What are 3 weaknesses of cognitive behavioural therapy? (CBT)

Answer 73

Hartling did meta analysis of effectiveness of anti psychotic drugs and found typical better at reducing + symptoms and atypical better for negative

Interpretation bias from researcher as sz patient has to self report beliefs which open to interpretation meaning them challenging them will be less effective

Doesn’t treat biologal factors for sz like genetics or neurotransmitters so less useful treatment for sz symptoms

Question 74

What was the aim of Bradshaws study?

Answer 74

Investigated effectiveness of CBT of long term outpatient care care of women with schizophrenia using a case study

Question 75

What was the procedure bradshaws study?

Answer 75

Clinical outcomes like severity of symptoms and hospitalisation were assess periodically over 3 years of treatment and patient followed up one year later

CBT sessions master from 15 mins to 1 hour or more depending on condition of client. Therapist could go for walks if carol agitated

4 stages, building rapport, understanding CBT and what is sz treatment and maintenance strategies

Question 76

What are the findings and conclusion of bradshaws study?

Answer 76

Number of days spent in hospital changer from 60 to 1 day after year of treatment

Goal attainment increased like starting college course, and volunteer job

Concluded CBT useful in treatment of sz and to help with stress management to prevent relapse, can help with treatment of symptoms and problems experienced in recovery

Question 77

How can culture effect attitudes and diagnosis of disorders?

Answer 77

Diff cultures have diff attitudes affecting how mental disorders are diagnosed

culture creates bias as diff people will diagnosis differently based on their own belief systems and attitudes of what’s normal or abnormal

Western cultures see body and mind as separate other cultures don’t so is a problem with symptoms like hallucinations. psychiatrists may identify symptoms that aren’t there based on their schema of social stereotype rather than behavior abnormality

Eating disorders occur overwhelmingly in countries with ad driven mass media and less in cultures with less media showing disorders culture based

Issues with translation as patient and psychiatrist may speak diff language which can cause issues when diagnosing as symptoms become misinterpreted.

Question 78

How can culture effect diagnosis through ICD or DSM?

Answer 78

Both based on medical model that abnormalities treated similar to other health problems which doesn’t fit with other cultures who have more spiritual explanation

May lead to over-diagnose of schizophrenia amongst males of west Indian/afro Caribbean’s than white men

Some disorders are culture bound (only in certain cultures) like Pa-Leng (fear of cold) in China or Koro (fear genitals are retracting) also in China or Malaysia. This leads them to show anxiety and depression

Question 79

What are 3 strengths of the cultural effects on diagnosis?

Answer 79

Lin found when looking at symptoms of sz there were more similarities across cultures than differences suggesting they would not lead to diff diagnosis. Makes diagnosis of health disorders more reliable

ICD and DSM5 now take into culture with annex-2 and cultural formulation so more valid diagnosis using classification systems

Racial discrimination less likely to happen in modern classification systems as it collects info on cultural variations so more valid as groups like afro Caribbean’s less likely to be over diagnosed with sz

Question 80

What are 3 weakness of the cultural effects on diagnosis?

Answer 80

Boogra found Afro Caribbean’s 2x as likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic than white or Asian based on same symptom-less reliable

Luhrnman found hearing voices in USA is seen as negative is negative whereas it seen as positive in India so what seen as abnormal diff across cultures and ay not be reported by patient-lower validity

Due to new classification systems means diagnosis of disorders not consistent over time=low reliability as diagnosis not consistent regardless of culture

Question 81

A01 Is the influence of role models and celebrities something that causes anorexia?

Answer 81

Anorexia is a growing issue in westernised countries where media is prominent in advertising the perfect body which is unachievable

instant access to media has been a rise in pro ana websites talking about how little they eat and encouraging others to keep going

1 in 20 of the sufferes die from it, highest rate of all mental health

Anorexia is defined as having a BMI of. Less than 17.5 in an adult and being less than 85% normal body weight

WHO says men are 25% of AN patients and women in westsern countries 10x more likely to have AN

AN is bed king more of an issue for males as media portraying more muscular/thin physique which is more available due to men’s health magazines=excessive exercise

Question 82

How many categories of mental health disorders are there in the ICD 10

Answer 82

11

Question 83

What are 3 supporting evidences of the validity of classification systems

Answer 83

Powers found women with PTSD had higher alcohol and substance abuse as predicted by ICD- had good predictive validity

Pihlajamaa found ICD-10 was valid as it produced diagnosis of sz that was consistent with other classification systems

Brown found DSM-5 more patients diagnosed with AN rather than eating disorder not otherwise specific suggest it more accurate and valid

Question 84

What are 2 critical evidences of the validity of classification systems

Answer 84

Researcher bias in different values of the psychiatrists like western interpretations of disorders so less valid

Swartz found Afro Americans more 3-4x more less to be seen as psychotic compared to euro-Americans showing DSM cultural section less accurate and less internal