Clinical Psychology Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
The therapies categorized as psychodynamic share which assumptions?
A
- Human behavior is motivated largely by unconscious processes
- Early development has a profound effect on adult functioning
- Universal principles explain personality development and behavior
- Insight into unconscious processes is a key component of psychotherapy
2
Q
What are the main psychodynamic psyotherapies?
A
- Freud’s psychoanalysis
- Adlers Individual psychology
- Jung’s analytical psychotherapy
- Various object-relations theorists
3
Q
Worldview underlying Freudian psychoanalysis?
A
Essentially pessimistic, deterministic, mechanistic, and reductionistic. According to Freud, human beings are determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual needs and drives, and psychosexual events that occurred during the first five years of life
4
Q
Freud’s personality theory
A
Freud’s personality theory consist of two separate, but interrelated theories: a structural drive theory and a development theory
5
Q
Freuds structural drive theory
A
Posits the personality with three structures- the id, the ego, and the superego
6
Q
Id
A
Present at birth and consists of the person’s life and death instincts, which serve as the source of all psychic energy. It operates on the basis of the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual drives and needs in order to avoid tension.
7
Q
Ego
A
Develops at about six months of age in response to the id’s inability to gratify all of its needs and operates on the basis of the reality principle. It defers gratification of the id’s instincts until an appropriate object is available in reality and employs secondary process thinking, which is characterized by realistic, rational thinking and planning.
8
Q
What is the primary task of the ego?
A
To mediate the often conflicting demands of the id and reality and, once it has developed, the superego.
9
Q
Superego
A
Emerges when a child is between four and five years of age and represents an internalization of society’s values and standards as conveyed to the child by his or her parents through their rewards and punishments.
10
Q
How does the superego differ from the ego in terms of dealing with the id?
A
In contrast to the ego, which postpones, gratification of the id’s instincts, the superego attempts to permanently block the id’s socially unacceptable impulses.
11
Q
Freud’s developmental theory
A
Emphasizes the sexual drives of the id and proposes that an individual’s personality is formed during childhood as the result of certain experiences that occur during five predetermined psychosexual stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital).
12
Q
How does Freud describe anxiety’s function?
A
To alert the ego to an impending internal or external threat.
13
Q
According to Freud, when are defense mechanisms used?
A
When the ego is unable to ward off danger through rational, realistic means. They serve to deny or distort reality.
14
Q
What are some basic defense mechanisms?
A
repression, reaction formation, projection
15
Q
What is the goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
A
To reduce or eliminate pathological symptoms by bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness and integrating previously repressed material into the personality
16
Q
What is psychic determinism?
A
The belief that all behaviors are meaningful and serve some psychological function
17
Q
What is the primary technique of psychoanalysis and what does it target?
A
Analysis; the main targets of analysis are the client’s free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences.
18
Q
What techniques do analysts use?
A
Confrontation, clarification, interpretation, an working through
19
Q
Improvement in psychoanalysis is attributed to a combination of what three factors?
A
Catharsis, insight, and working through
20
Q
Catharsis
A
The emotional release resulting from the recall of unconscious material; paves the way for the client’s insight into the relationship between his or her unconscious processes and current behaviors
21
Q
Working through
A
The final and longest stage in psychoanalysis; allows the client to gradually assimilate new insights into his or her personality
22
Q
Confrontation (in psychoanalysis)
A
Entails making statements that help the client see his or her behavior in a new way
23
Q
Clarification (in psychoanalysis)
A
Involves clarifying the client’s feelings and restating his or her remarks in clearer terms
24
Q
Interpretation (in psychoanalysis)
A
Explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious processes
25
When are interpretation less likely to elicit anxiety and resistance?
When they address motives and conflicts close to a client's consciousness rather than when they related to material buried deep in the unconscious
26
What characteristics do brief psychodynamic therapies share?
- Time limited
- Target a specific interpersonal problem that is usually identified in the first session
- Begin using interpretation early in the therapeutic relationship
- Emphasize the development of a strong working alliance
- Positive transference is considered more important than negative transference because it promotes a positive therapeutic relationship, maximized the client's motivation to work toward the achievement of therapeutic goals, and reduces the likelihood that progress in therapy will be slowed down by the development of a full-scale transference neurosis
27
In what ways did Adler agree and disagree with Freud?
While Adler agreed that all behavior is purposeful, he disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the role of unconscious instinctual/sexual forces in the development of personality and lack of attention to social factors
28
How does Adler's teleological approach regard behavior?
As being largely motivated by a person's future goals rather than determined by past events
29
Key concepts in Adler's individual psychology
Inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, style of life, and social interest
30
When do inferiority feelings begin to develop and what are they the result of? (Adler)
They develop during childhood as the result of real or perceived biological, psychological, or social weaknesses
31
What is striving for superiority according to Adler?
An inherent tendency toward "perfect completion."
32
The specific ways a person chooses to compensate for inferiority and achieve superiority determine his or her ________________, which unifies the various aspects of the personality.
Style of life
33
How does Adler view maladaptive behavior?
For Adler, mental disorders represent a mistaken style of life, which is characterized by maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, a preoccupation with achieving personal power, and a lack of social interest
34
While a _____________is characterized by goals that reflect optimism, confidence, and concern about the welfare of others, a _____________ is characterized by goals reflecting self-centeredness, competitiveness, and striving for personal power.
healthy style of life; mistaken style of life
35
___________________ is based on Adler's approach and assumes that all behavior is goal-directed and purposeful. For instance, the misbehavior of young children is viewed as having one of four goals- attention, power, revenge, or to display deficiency- with each goal reflecting a desire to belong, accompanied by faulty beliefs about what is needed to do so.
Systematic Training for Effective Teaching (STET)
36
What is an effective way to work with many African American clients?
Several authorizes recommend the use of an ecostructural or ecological systemic approach (see Boyd-Franklin's multisystems model); These address multiple systems, intervene at multiple levels, and empower the family by utilizing strengths
37
What are some issues Walker and LaDue advise mental health practitioners to be aware of when working with American Indians?
- Become familiar with historical events that have affected their lives
- May prefer a therapist who helps them reaffirm the values of their culture
- May be distrustful of a therapist's attempts to provide therapy in a "value-free" environment
38
In working with American Indians, LaFromboise et al. recommend the use of ______, which incorporates family and community members into the treatment process and situates and individual's psychological problems within the context of his/her family, workplace, community, and other social systems
Network therapy
39
What type of therapy is often preferred when working with Asian Americans?
A directive, structured, goal-oriented, problem-solving approach that focuses on alleviating specific symptoms; Cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused, and other brief therapies are often effective but may need to be modified so they focus more on the family than on an individual and take into account cultural and social factors.
40
When working with an Hispanic or Latino client, a therapist is usually best advised to be ________ and _________ and to adopt a _____________ approach that focuses on the client's behavior, affect, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, biological functioning, etc.
active; directive; multimodal
41
What is true about LGBT individuals in terms of certain psychological problems?
As a group, youth who identify as nonheterosexual are more likely than their heterosexual peers to experience depression, anxiety, and substance use and to have a higher risk for suicidality. This is not due to sexual orientation itself but to the prejudice and discrimination that LGBT individuals encounter
42
This occurs when LGBT individuals accept heterosexual society's negative evaluations of them and incorporate these into their self-concepts
Internalized homophobia
43
Studies investigating the coming out process found that adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestones except for which of the following:
a) Same-sex attraction
b) self-labeling
c) first same-sex sexual contact
d) first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person
d
44
Sue and Sue describe which three competencies involved in cultural competence?
Awareness (aware of own assumptions, values, and beliefs)
Knowledge (attempts to understand the worldview of culturally diverse clients)
Skills (use therapeutic modalities and interventions that are appropriate for culturally different clients)
45
What are the four categories of acculturation?
Integration (maintains his/her own culture but also incorporates many aspects of the dominant culture)
Assimilation (accepts the majority culture while relinquishing his/her own culture)
Separation (withdraws from the dominant culture and accepts his/her own culture)
Marginalization (does not identify with his/her own culture or with the dominant culture)
46
As defined by Wrenn, therapists are exhibiting cultural encapsulation when they:
Define everyone's reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes
Disregard cultural differences
Ignore evidence that disconfirms their beliefs
Rely on techniques and strategies to solve problems
Disregard their own cultural biases
47
Emic
Refers to culture-specific theories, concepts, and research strategies. An attempt is made to see things through the eyes of the MEMBERS of that culture
48
Etic
Refers to phenomena that reflect a universal (culture-general) orientation. Involves viewing people from different cultures as essentially the same
49
As defined by Hall, _________________ is grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, relies heavily on nonverbal cues, helps unify a culture, and is slow to change. In contrast, _________________ relies primarily on the explicit, verbal part of a message.
high-context communication; low-context communication
50
Landrum and Batts address the effects of racial oppression on the mental health of African Americans and propose that the consequences may take several forms:
1) Internalized oppression: can involve acting out against the system, system blaming, total avoidance of whites, and/or denial of the political significance of race
2) Conceptual incarceration: Involves adopting a White worldview and lifestyle
3) Split-self-syndrome: characterized by polarizing oneself into good and bad components, with the bad components representing one's African American identity
51
__________________ is a brief manual-based therapy that was originally developed by Klerman and Weissman as a treatment for depression but has since been successfully applied to other disorders including bipolar disorder, bulimia, and substance abuse and dependence.
Interpersonal therapy
52
From the perspective of interpersonal therapy, maladaptive behavior is related to what?
Problems in social roles and interpersonal relationships that are traceable to a lack of strong attachments early in life
53
What is the primary goal of interpersonal therapy?
Although IPT recognizes the contributions of early experience, biological predisposition, and personality to depression and other disorders, its focus is on current social relationships and its primary goals are symptom reduction and improved interpersonal functioning.
54
How are goals achieved in interpersonal therapy?
Symptom reduction is achieved through education about the disorder, instillation of hope, and, when necessary, pharmacotherapy
Interventions used to improve interpersonal functioning target one of more of four primary problem areas- unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.
55
Describe the three stages in interpersonal therapy?
In the initial stage, the therapist conducts an assessment to ascertain the client's diagnosis, the interpersonal context in which the client's symptoms occur, and the problem areas that will be the focus of tx
During the middle phase, the therapist uses specific strategies that address the proglem areas, which may include encouragement of affect, communication analysis, and modeling and role-playing to establish new ways of interacting.
In the last few sessions, the therapist reviews the client's progress and discusses termination and methods of relapse prevention.
56
How does Jung describe the conscious?
Oriented toward the external worlk, governed by the ego, and represents the individual’s thoughts, ideas, feelings, sensory perceptions, and ememories
57
How does Jung describe the unconscious?
Made up of the personal unconscious and collective unconscious
58
What is the personal unconscious, according to Jung?
Contains experiences that were unconsciously perceived or were once conscious but are now repressed or forgotten
59
What is the collective unconscious, according to Jung?
The repository of latent memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next.
60
What are some of Jung’s archetypes?
Self (which represents a striving for a unity of the different parts of the personality)
Persona (public mask)
Shadow (the dark side of the personality)
Anima or Animus (feminine and masculine aspects of personality)
61
In contrast to Freud, who emphasized the impact of the first six years of life on personality development, Jung viewed development as continuing throughout the lifespan and was most interested in growth after the mid ____’s.
30
62
A key concept in Jung’s personality theory is __________, which refers to an integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche that leads to the development of a unique identity.
Individuation
63
What is the primary goal of Jung’s analytical psychotherapy?
To rebridge the gap between the conscious and the personal and collective unconscious.
64
The Jungian approach reflects an _____ view of human nature and emphasizes the ________ aspects of the client’s personality.
optimistic; healthy
65
The focus of Jung’s analytic psychotherapy is primarily on the ___________, with information from the past being sought only when it will hep the client understand the ________.
Here and now, present
66
Who are the main object relations theorists?
Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Margaret Mahler, and Otto Kernberg
67
What is the object-relations theory’s view of maladaptive behavior?
It is the result of abnormalities in early object relations; In addition, many object relations theorists believe that, in infancy, there is a natural tendency to split mental representations of the self and others into good and bad, and that inadequate resolution of this splitting is one cause of maladaptive behavior
68
What is the primary goal of therapy for the objects relations therapist?
To bring maladaptive unconscious relationship dynamics into consciousness so that dysfunctional internalized object representations can be replaced with more appropriate ones.
69
What are the humanistic psychotherapies?
Person-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy, existential therapy, reality therapy
70
Rogers’ person-centered therapy is based on what belief?
All people have an innate “self-actualizing”tendency” that serves as the major source of motivation and guides them toward positive, healthy growth.
71
What is Roger’s personality theory?
The central concept of Roger’s personality theory is the notion of the self; Rogers believed that each person has the ability to become self-actualized but, to do so, the self must remain unified
72
What is Roger’s view of maladaptive behavior?
The self becomes disorganized as the result of incongruence between self and experience, which can occur when the individual experiences conditions of worth.
73
What is the primary goal of person-centered therapy?
To help the client achieve congruence between self and experience so that he or she can become a more fully-functioning, self-actualizing person.
74
In Rogerian therapy, the right environment involves providing which three facilitative conditions?
Unconditional positive regard; Genuineness (congruence); Accurate Empathic Understanding
75
Gestalt Therapy
Founded by Fritz Perls and based on the premise that each person is capable of assuming personal responsibility for his/her own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated “whole.”
76
What are some main concepts of Gestalt therapy, which are drawn from psychoanalysis, phenomenology, existentialism, and Gestalt psychology?
People tend to seek closure
A person’s gestalts (perceptions of parts as wholes) reflect his/her current needs
A person’s behavior represents a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts
Behavior can be fully understood only in its context
A person experiences the world in accord with the principle of figure/ground
77
According to Perls, the personality consists of the ________ and the _________.
Self; self-image
78
How does Perls describe the self?
The creative aspect of the personality that promotes the individuals inherent tendency for self-actualization, or the ability to live as a fully integrated person
79
How does Perls describe the self-image?
The darker side of the personality which hinders growth and self-actualization by imposing external standards
80
How does Perls view maladaptive behavior in Gestalt therapy?
Considered a growth disorder that involves an abandonment of the self for the self-image and a resulting lack of integration; Neurotic behavior often stems from a disturbance in the boundary between the self and the external environment that interferes with the person’s ability to satisfy his or her needs and maintain a state of homeostasis.
81
What are the four major boundary disturbances (Gestalt therapy)?
Introjection
Projection
Retroflection
Confluence
82
__________ is a term in Gestalt therapy which occurs when a person psychologicall swallows whole concepts; i.e., when the person accepts concepts, facts, and standards from the environment without actually understanding or fully assimilating them. In therapy, results in overly compliant bx.
Introjection
83
__________ is a term in Gestalt therapy which involves disowning aspects of the self by assigning them to other people. Can result in paranoia.
Projection
84
_________ is a term in Gestalt therapy which entails doing to oneself what one wants to do to others.
Retroflection
85
_________ is a term in Gestalt therapy that refers to the absence of a boundary between the self and the environment. It causes intolerance of any differences between oneself and others and often underlies feelings of guilt and resentment.
Confluence
86
What is the major goal of Gestalt therapy?
To help the client become a unified whole by integrating the various aspects of the self
87
How do Gestalt therapists view transference, diagnostic labels, and historical events?
Gestalt therapists avoid diagnostic labels and view historical events as important only when they directly impinge on the client’s current functioning. They regard a client’s transference to be counterproductive and respond to it by helping the client recognize the difference between his/her transference fantasy and reality.
88
What is the “curative factor” in Gestalt therapy?
Awareness, which is defined as a full understanding of one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here-and-now, and they use a variety of ready-made exercises and experiments to lead clients toward greater awareness.
89
_________ therapies share an emphasis on personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaning life and assume that people are not static but, instead, are in a constant state of evolving and becoming.
Existential
90
How do existential therapists view maladaptive behavior?
As the result of an inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concerns of existence
91
What are the ultimate concerns of existence, according to existential therapists?
Death, freedom, existential isolation, and meaninglessness
92
According to existential therapists, while ____________ is considered a normal response to ultimate concerns and can serve as a source of motivation to change and grow, ___________ is frequently the result of an attempt to avoid _____________, is out of proportion to the situation that elicited it, is often outside conscious awareness, and can be immobilizing.
Existential anxiety; neurotic anxiety; existential anxiety
93
What is the goal of existential therapy?
To help clients live in more committed, self-aware, authentic, and meaningful ways. In therapy, clients are helped to recognize their freedom to choose their own destinies and to accept responsibility for changing their own lives.
94
William Glasser’s ___________ is based on ____________, which assumes that people are responsible for the choices they make and focuses on how people make choices that affect the courses of their lives.
Reality therapy; choice/control theory
95
According to Glasser (reality therapy), people have what five basic innate needs that serve as the primary source of motivation?
```
Survival
Love and belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun
```
96
Of the five basic innate needs in Glasser’s reality therapy, which is most important?
Love and belonging since relationships with others are necessary to fulfill all other needs
97
A key assumption underlying reality therapy is that mental illness is the result of __________________.
An individual's choices
98
What is the primary goal of reality therapy?
To help clients identify responsible and effective ways to satisfy their needs and thereby develop a success identity.
99
According to Glasser (reality therapy), when a person fulfills his or her needs in a responsible way - that is, in a conscious and realistic manner that does not infringe on the rights of others to fulfill their needs - the person has adopted a ________________.
Success Identity
100
According to Glasser (reality therapy), when a person is unable to satisfy his/her needs or does so in irresponsible ways, the preson has assumed a ______________, which Glasser believes underlies most forms of mental and emotional disturbances.
Failure identity
101
What is the focus of Kelly’s personal contruct therapy?
How the client experiences the world
102
According to Kelly, what determines a person’s psychological processes?
The way he/she construes (perceives, interprets, and predicts) events with construing involving the use of personal constructs
103
As defined by Kelly, ________________ are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., happy/sad, competent/incompetent, friendly/unfriendly) that begin to develop in infancy and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level.
Personal constructs
104
What are some therapy goals and techniques of Kelly’s personal construct therapy?
Consider the therapist and client to be mutual experts and co-experimenters who work together to derive tasks that will help the client identigy and revise or replace maladaptive personal constructs so that the client is better able to make sense of his/her experiences. Techniques include assessment, self-characterization sketch, and trying on.
105
Solution-focused therapy is based on what assumption?
You get more of what you talk about and focuses on solutions to the client’s problems rather than on the problems themselves
106
How do solution-focused therapists view maladaptive behavior?
They believe that understanding the etiology of problem behavior is irrelevant and focus, instead, on solutions to problems
107
Which type of therapy views the client as the expert while the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses different types of questions designed to assist the client to recognize and use his/her strengths and resources to achieve specific goals?
Solution-focused therapy
108
What are the three different types of questions posed in solution-focused therapy and what are they?
Miracle question: “Suppose when you go to sleep tonight, a miracle happens and your problem is solved. When you wake up in the morning, how will you know that a miracle has occurred? What will be different?
Exception question: “Can you think of a time in the past week when you did not have the problem (or the problem was not as troublesome)?
Scaling questions: “On a scale from 1 to 10, how did you feel last week?” “On a scale from 1 to 10, how motivated are you?
109
The ________ model of behavior change was derived from recognition that change entails progress through a series of predictable stages.
Transtheoretical
110
What is the difference between cultural and functional paranoia?
A client is exhibiting cultural paranoia, or a healthy reaction to racism, when he/she does not disclose to a white therapist due to a fear of being hurt or misunderstood. A client is exhibiting functional paranoia, an unhealthy condition that itself is an illness, when he/she is unwilling to disclose to any therapist, regardless of race or ethnicity.
111
What are the 10 empirically supported change processes/interventions identified in the transtheoretical model?
```
Consciousness raisin
Self-liberation
Social liberation
Dramatic relief
Self-reevaluation
Counterconditioning
Environmental reevaluation
Reinforcement management
Stimulus control
Helping/supportive relationships
```
112
What was the transtheoretical model originally developed for and what other behaviors has it since been applied to?
Cigarette smoking and other addictive behaviors; Weight control, treatment compliance, intimate partner violence, and financial management
113
How does the transtheoretical model view maladaptive behavior?
Does not address the etiology or characteristics of maladaptive bx but, instead, focuses on factors that facilitate behavior change
114
During the __________ stage (transtheoretical model), the individual has little insight into the need for change and does not intend to change. People in this stage may be in denial about their problem, may be uninformed about the problem and its consequences, or may have been unsuccessful in previous attempts to change.
Precontemplation
115
A person in the ______________ stage (transtheoretical model) is aware of the need for change, intends to take action within the next six months, but is not committed to change. The individual is aware of both pros and cons of changing and, as a result, may be ambivalent about change and remain in this stage for an extended period.
Contemplation
116
A person in the __________________ stage (transtheoretical model) plans to take action in the immediate future (usually in the next month) and has a realistic plan of action for modifying his/her behavior.
Preparation
117
During the ____________ stage (transtheoretical model), the individual takes concrete steps to change his/her behavior. This stage often begins with making a public commitment to change.
Action
118
A person in the ______________ stage (transtheoritical model) has maintained a change in behavior for at least six months and is taking steps to prevent relapse.
Maintenance
119
During the ________________ stage, the person feels that he/she can resist temptation and is confident there is no risk for relapse.
Termination
120
True or False: An assumption of the transtheoretical model is that progression through the stages is linear.
False. People may recycle through some or all of the stages several times.
121
What interventions are effective to help clients move from the pre contemplation to contemplation stage of change?
Consciousness raising, dramatic relief, and environmental reevaluation
122
What interventions are effective for people in the action and maintenance stages of change?
Helping relationships, counterconditioning, reinforcement management, and stimulus control
123
_______________________ was developed for clients who are ambivalent about changing their behavior and was first used as a treatment for alcohol abuse and dependence but has since been applied to other problems including cigarette smoking, eating disorders, and pain management.
Motivational interviewing
124
What is the primary goal of motivational interviewing?
To enhance the client's intrinsic motivation to alter his/her behavior by helping the client examine and resolve his/her ambivalence about changing.
125
What are four general principles that guide the selection of the strategies used in motivational interviewing?
Express empathy
Develop discrepancies between current behavior and personal goals and values
Roll with rather than oppose resistance
Support self-efficacy
126
What specific techniques does the acronym OARS refer to in motivational interviewing?
Open-ended questions
Affirmations that express empathy and understanding
Reflective listening
Summaries
127
How does general systems theory define a system?
As an entity that is maintained by the mutual interactions of its components and assumes that the actions of interacting components are best understood by studying them in their context.
128
Consistent with systems theory, family therapists view the family as primarily an _______________.
Open system
129
The influence of general systems theory is evident in the family therapy concept of ______________, which is the tendency for a family to act in ways that maintain the family's equilibrium or status quo.
Homeostasis
130
A _______________ feedback loop reduces deviation and helps a system maintain the status quo, while a __________ feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system.
negative; positive
131
The Racial/cultural identity development model distinguishes between five stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own cultures. Match the Stage to the correct definition:
a. Conformity
b. Dissonance
C. Integrative Awareness
d. Resistance and immersion
e. Introspection
1. ___ This stage is characterized by uncertainty about the rigidity of beliefs held in Stage 3 and conflicts between loyalty and responsibility toward one's group and feelings of personal autonomy.
2. ___ This stage is marked by confusion and conflict over the contradictory appreciating and depreciating attitudes that one has toward the self and toward others of the same and different groups.
3. ___ At this stage, people experience a sense of self-fulfillment with regard to their cultural identity and have a strong desire to eliminate all forms of oppression.
4. ___ People in this stage actively reject the dominant society and exhibit appreciating attitudes toward the self and toward members of their own group.
5. ___ This stage is characterized by positive attitudes toward and a preference for dominant cultural values and depreciating attitudes toward one's own culture.
1. e
2. b
3. c
4. d
5. a
132
Cross's Black Racial Identity model includes four stages: Pre-encounter, Encounter, Immersion-Emersion, and Internalization. Match the stage to the correct definition:
1. ___ Race and racial identity have high salience during this stage. The person idealizes Blacks and Black culture and feels a great deal of rage toward whites as well as guilt and anxiety about his/her own previous lack of awareness of race.
2. ___ Race and racial identity have low salience during this stage. Individuals have adopted a mainstream identity, wile those in the anti-Black substage have accepted negative beliefs about Blacks and as a result, are likely to have low self-esteem.
3. ___ Race continues to have high salience, and individuals in this stage have adopted one of three identies.
4. ___ Exposure to a single significant race-related event or series of events leads to greater racial/cultural awareness and an interest in developing a Black identity.
1. Immersion-Emersion
2. Pre-encounter
3. Internalization
4. Encounter
133
According to Helms, racism is a central part of being White in America, and her White Racial Identity Development Model proposes that identity development involves two phases: abandoning racism and developing a nonracist white identity. Each status is characterized by a different information-processing strategy (IPS), which refers to the methods the individual uses to reduce discomfort related to racial issues. Match the status and IPS to the correct definition:
a. Immersion-Emersion
b. Pseudo-Independence
c. Contact
d. Disintegration
e. Autonomy
f. Reintegration
g. Obliviousness and denial
h. Hypervigilence and reshaping
i. Selective perception and reshaping reality
j. Suppression of information and ambivalence
k. Flexibility and complexity
l. Selective perception and negative out-group distortion
1. ____ The individual has little awareness of racism and of his/her racial identity and may exhibit unsophisticated behaviors that reflect racist attitudes and beliefs.
2. ____ The individual internalizes a nonracist white identity that includes an appreciation of and respect for racial/cultural differences and similarities.
3. ____ The individual explores what it means to be White, confronts his/her own biases, and begins to understand the ways he/she benefits from White privilege.
4. ____ The individual attempts to resolve the moral dilemmas associated with the disintegration status by idealizing White society and denigrating members of minority groups.
5. ____ increasing awareness of race and racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict. To reduce internal dissonance, the person may over-identify with members of minority groups, act in paternalistic ways toward them, or retreat into White society.
6. ____ A personally jarring event or series of events causes the person to question his/her racist views and acknowledge the role that Whites have had in perpetrating racism.
1. c, g
2. e, k
3. a, h
4. f, l
5. d, j
6. b, i
134
Based on the results of his review of the literature, Eysenck concluded that the apparent benefits of psychotherapy are due to ___________________. His conclusion was based on the finding that 72% of no-treatment control group patients improved, while ____% of patients receiving eclectic therapy and ___% receiving psychoanalytic psychotherapy showed a substantial improvement in symptoms.
Spontaneous remission; 66, 44
135
__________________ was first described by the biologist Ludwig van Bertalanffy and defines a system as an entity that is maintained by the mutual interactions of its components and assumes that the actions of interacting components are best understood by studying them in their context.
General systems theory
136
_________________ was described by a mathematician in the 1940's and was subsequently applied to family communication processes.
Cybernetics
137
A key feature of cybernetics is its concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information: A ____________ feedback loop reduces deviation and helps a system maintain the status quo, while a ___________ feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system.
Negative; positive
138
Gregory Bateson applied ideas drawn from systems theory and cybernetics to the treatment of families and is frequently cited for his work on the role of ___________________________ in the development of schizophrenia. It involves conflicting negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other nonverbally.
Double-bind communication
139
In this approach to family therapy, Satir described how specific communication styles (placating, blaming, super-reasonable, irrelevant, and congruent) affect family interactions and relationships.
Communication/interaction family therapy
140
In Satir's communication/interaction family therapy, _________________ communications reflect equality between communicators but may escalate into a competitive one-upmanship" gem in which each participant tries to outdo the other. ______________ communications reflect inequality and maximize differences between communicators which sometimes leads to a pattern of one participant assuming the dominant role while the other assumes the submissive role.
Symmetrical; complementary
141
How do communication/interaction family therapists view maladaptive behavior?
a. They accept a circular model of causality that regards a symptom as both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns, which include blaming and criticizing, mind reading, and overgeneralizing
b. They believe behavioral disorders are the result of a multigenerational transmission process in which progressively lower levels of differentiation are transmitted from one generation to the next.
c. Family dysfunction is viewed as the result of an inflexible family structure that prohibits the family from adapting to maturational and situational stressors in a healthy way.
d. They emphasize the role of communication in maladaptive behavior, especially how it is used to exert control in a relationship
e. Maladaptive behavior results when a family's patterns become so fixed that family members are no longer able to act creatively or to make new choices about their lives.
f. Maladaptive behavior, like all behavior, is learned and maintained by its antecedents and consequences.
g. Maladaptive behavior is the result of both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification, which occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though he or she actually has the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act inlays consistent with those characteristics
a
142
How do strategic family therapists view maladaptive behavior?
a. They accept a circular model of causality that regards a symptom as both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns, which include blaming and criticizing, mind reading, and overgeneralizing
b. They believe behavioral disorders are the result of a multigenerational transmission process in which progressively lower levels of differentiation are transmitted from one generation to the next.
c. Family dysfunction is viewed as the result of an inflexible family structure that prohibits the family from adapting to maturational and situational stressors in a healthy way.
d. They emphasize the role of communication in maladaptive behavior, especially how it is used to exert control in a relationship
e. Maladaptive behavior results when a family's patterns become so fixed that family members are no longer able to act creatively or to make new choices about their lives.
f. Maladaptive behavior, like all behavior, is learned and maintained by its antecedents and consequences.
g. Maladaptive behavior is the result of both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification, which occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though he or she actually has the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act inlays consistent with those characteristics
d
143
How do structural family therapists view maladaptive behavior?
a. They accept a circular model of causality that regards a symptom as both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns, which include blaming and criticizing, mind reading, and overgeneralizing
b. They believe behavioral disorders are the result of a multigenerational transmission process in which progressively lower levels of differentiation are transmitted from one generation to the next.
c. Family dysfunction is viewed as the result of an inflexible family structure that prohibits the family from adapting to maturational and situational stressors in a healthy way.
d. They emphasize the role of communication in maladaptive behavior, especially how it is used to exert control in a relationship
e. Maladaptive behavior results when a family's patterns become so fixed that family members are no longer able to act creatively or to make new choices about their lives.
f. Maladaptive behavior, like all behavior, is learned and maintained by its antecedents and consequences.
g. Maladaptive behavior is the result of both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification, which occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though he or she actually has the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act inlays consistent with those characteristics
c
144
How do extended family systems therapists view maladaptive behavior?
a. They accept a circular model of causality that regards a symptom as both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns, which include blaming and criticizing, mind reading, and overgeneralizing
b. They believe behavioral disorders are the result of a multigenerational transmission process in which progressively lower levels of differentiation are transmitted from one generation to the next.
c. Family dysfunction is viewed as the result of an inflexible family structure that prohibits the family from adapting to maturational and situational stressors in a healthy way.
d. They emphasize the role of communication in maladaptive behavior, especially how it is used to exert control in a relationship
e. Maladaptive behavior results when a family's patterns become so fixed that family members are no longer able to act creatively or to make new choices about their lives.
f. Maladaptive behavior, like all behavior, is learned and maintained by its antecedents and consequences.
g. Maladaptive behavior is the result of both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification, which occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though he or she actually has the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act inlays consistent with those characteristics
b
145
How do Milan systemic family therapists view maladaptive behavior?
a. They accept a circular model of causality that regards a symptom as both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns, which include blaming and criticizing, mind reading, and overgeneralizing
b. They believe behavioral disorders are the result of a multigenerational transmission process in which progressively lower levels of differentiation are transmitted from one generation to the next.
c. Family dysfunction is viewed as the result of an inflexible family structure that prohibits the family from adapting to maturational and situational stressors in a healthy way.
d. They emphasize the role of communication in maladaptive behavior, especially how it is used to exert control in a relationship
e. Maladaptive behavior results when a family's patterns become so fixed that family members are no longer able to act creatively or to make new choices about their lives.
f. Maladaptive behavior, like all behavior, is learned and maintained by its antecedents and consequences.
g. Maladaptive behavior is the result of both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification, which occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though he or she actually has the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act inlays consistent with those characteristics
e
146
How do behavioral family therapists view maladaptive behavior?
a. They accept a circular model of causality that regards a symptom as both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns, which include blaming and criticizing, mind reading, and overgeneralizing
b. They believe behavioral disorders are the result of a multigenerational transmission process in which progressively lower levels of differentiation are transmitted from one generation to the next.
c. Family dysfunction is viewed as the result of an inflexible family structure that prohibits the family from adapting to maturational and situational stressors in a healthy way.
d. They emphasize the role of communication in maladaptive behavior, especially how it is used to exert control in a relationship
e. Maladaptive behavior results when a family's patterns become so fixed that family members are no longer able to act creatively or to make new choices about their lives.
f. Maladaptive behavior, like all behavior, is learned and maintained by its antecedents and consequences.
g. Maladaptive behavior is the result of both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification, which occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though he or she actually has the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act inlays consistent with those characteristics
f
147
How do object relations family therapists view maladaptive behavior?
a. They accept a circular model of causality that regards a symptom as both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns, which include blaming and criticizing, mind reading, and overgeneralizing
b. They believe behavioral disorders are the result of a multigenerational transmission process in which progressively lower levels of differentiation are transmitted from one generation to the next.
c. Family dysfunction is viewed as the result of an inflexible family structure that prohibits the family from adapting to maturational and situational stressors in a healthy way.
d. They emphasize the role of communication in maladaptive behavior, especially how it is used to exert control in a relationship
e. Maladaptive behavior results when a family's patterns become so fixed that family members are no longer able to act creatively or to make new choices about their lives.
f. Maladaptive behavior, like all behavior, is learned and maintained by its antecedents and consequences.
g. Maladaptive behavior is the result of both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification, which occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though he or she actually has the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act inlays consistent with those characteristics
g
148
Match the main therapy goals with the correct family systems theory:
a. Communication/interaction family therapy
b. Extended family systems therapy
c. Structural family therapy
d. Strategic family therapy
e. Milan systemic family therapy
f. Behavioral family therapy
g. Object relations family therapy
____1. To alter the environmental factors (antecedents and consequences) that are maintaining problematic behaviors.
____2. To help family members see their choices and to assist them in exercising their prerogative of choosing
____3. To alter the interactional patterns that are maintaining the presenting symptoms
____4. To resolve each family member's attachment to family introjects
____5. On alleviating current symptoms by altering a family's transactions and organization, especially its hierarchies and generational boundaries.
____6. Restructuring the family
____7. To increase the differentiation of family members
1. f
2. e
3. a
4. g
5. d
6. c
7. b
149
________________________ refers to a person's ability to separate his or her intellectual and emotional functioning.
Differentiation
150
The term _________________ is used to describe a family whose members are highly emotionally fused.
Undifferentiated family ego mass
151
When a two-person system such as a husband-wife or parent-child experiences instability or stress, a third person may be recruited into the system to increase stability and reduce tension. The lower the level of differentiation in a family members, the greater the probability that this happens.
Emotional triangle
152
The _________________________ is the process by which parental conflicts and emotional immaturity are transmitted to children, which causes a child to have a lower level of differentiation that his or her parents. This often involves the oldest child, the child born during a time of family stress, or the child who is perceived to be "special."
Family projection process
153
What type of family therapist is most likely to use a genogram as a therapy technique?
Bowenian extended family therapist
154
Which type of family therapy would involve three overlapping steps: joining, evaluating the family structure, and restructuring the family?
Minuchin's Structural family therapy
155
_______________ is probably best defined as an alteration in memory, perception, and mood in response to suggestion.
Hypnosis
156
True or false: Hypnosis enhances the accuracy of memories and produces accurate memories.
False. Hypnosis does not enhance the accuracy of memories and may actually produce more pseudo memories than accurate memories.
157
What are the three formative stages that Yalom identified?
1. Orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, dependency: Members tend to talk directly to the leader rather than to other members and look to the leader for approval and acceptance as well as for answers to their questions
2. Conflict, dominance, rebellion: each member attempts to establish his or her preferred amount of initiative and power and gradually a control hierarchy emerges. Advice giving is replaced by criticism, judgmental statements, and other negative comments, and some members may express hostility toward the therapist as a result of resistance and the realization that they are not going to become the therapist's "favored child."
3. Development of Cohesiveness: Unity, intimacy and closeness become the chief concerns; trust and self-disclosure increase; attendance improves; and members show concern whenever a member is absent;
158
Which of the following is not one of the group therapist's primary tasks, according to Yalom?
a. Activation and Illumination of the Here-and-now
b. Culture Building
c. Closure of relationships
d. Creation and maintenance of the group
c
159
How does Yalom view therapist self-disclosure in group therapy?
a. Therapists should never self-disclose
b. Therapists should disclose regularly
c. Self-disclosure limits participant's ability to join with one another
d. Self-disclosure is beneficial as long as it is done judiciously and responsibly.
d
160
True or False: Yalom considers concurrent group and individual therapy neither necessary nor beneficial except in certain circumstances- for instance, when a group member is experiencing a crisis or requires individual sessions to ensure that he/she does not drop out of the group prematurely.
True
161
What is the main goal of feminist therapy?
Empowerment, or helping women become more self-defining and self-determining
162
Hypnosis has been found to be effective in treating a variety of conditions. What are some examples?
acute stress disorder and other anxiety disorders, obesity, insomnia, and chronic pain
163
Immunization programs, prenatal nutrition programs for low SES motherrs, and public education programs on drug and alcohol abuse are all examples of what type of method of prevention?
Primary prevention which is aimed at reducing the prevalence of mental and physical disorders by decreasing the incidence of new cases.
164
Using a screening test to identify entering first-graders with reading disabilities so that they can be provided with an educational intervention is an example of which type of method of intervention?
Secondary prevention which attempts to decrease the prevalence of mental and physical disorders by reducing their duration through early detection and intervention
165
Rehabilitation programs, programs that provide alternatives to hospitalization, and education programs designed to improve community attitudes toward former mental patients are examples of what type of method of prevention?
Tertiary prevention which is designed to reduce the duration and consequence of mental and physical disorders
166
According to the ___________________, health-related behaviors are related to a person's perceptions about his/her susceptibility to illness and the severity of its consequences and an evaluation of the costs and benefits of making a particular response.
Health belief model
167
This type of consultation involves working with the consultee to develop a plan that will enable the consultee to work more effectively with a particular client. The consultant acts as an expert and provides the consultee with relevant information:
a. Client-centered case consultation
b. Consultee-centered case consultation
c. Program-centered administrative consultation
d. Consultee-centered administrative consultation
a
168
The goal of this form of consultation is to enhance the consultee's performance in delivering services to a particular population or group of clients. The focus is on the consultee's skills, knowledge, abilities, and/or objectivity.
a. Client-centered case consultation
b. Consultee-centered case consultation
c. Program-centered administrative consultation
d. Consultee-centered administrative consultation
b
169
This form of mental health consultation involves working with one or more administrators (the consultees) to resolve problems related to an existing program
a. Client-centered case consultation
b. Consultee-centered case consultation
c. Program-centered administrative consultation
d. Consultee-centered administrative consultation
c
170
The goal of this type of consultation is to help administrative-level personnel improve their professional functioning so they can be more effective in the future with regard to program development, implementation, and evaluation.
a. Client-centered case consultation
b. Consultee-centered case consultation
c. Program-centered administrative consultation
d. Consultee-centered administrative consultation
d
171
Research by Howard and his colleagues indicates that the relationship between treatment length and outcome levels off at about ____ sessions.
26
172
Research comparing the outcomes of psychotherapy for members of various racial ethnic groups suggest that it has positive effects for members of all groups but that there are some differences. Which of the following are true regarding the effects of psychotherapy on members of diverse populations as demonstrated in a study of outpatient mental health services in Los Angeles county?
a. Clients from all groups were likely to show improvement in GAS scores
b. Hispanics had the best outcomes followed in order by Anglo, Asian, and African American clients
c. Asian clients were least responsive to treatment
d. None of the above
a, b
173
Which statements are true about utilization rates of mental health services among different racial/ethnic groups, type of treatment setting, and type of problem?
a. There are no differences among racial/ethnic groups
b. A smaller proportion of African American than Whites receive mental health services
c. African American individuals receive a disproportionate share of mental health services in the emergency room or psychiatric inpatient settings
d. Asian Americans are underrepresented in both outpatient and inpatient settings
e. A smaller proportion of African Americans and Hispanics than Whites receive treatment for depression, while a larger proportion of African Americans receive treatment for illicit drug use.
b,c,d,e
174
True or false: Members of ethnic and cultural minority groups are less likely than whites to terminate therapy prematurely.
False
175
With regard to prevalence, APA (2002) notes that the most common mental health problems among older adults are, in order of incidence, ___________, ____________, and _____________.
a. Depression, severe cognitive impairment, anxiety
b. Depression, anxiety, bipolar I disorder
c. Anxiety, severe cognitive impairment, depression
d. Dementia, depression, anxiety
c.
176
What is the single best predictor of cessation of battering according to the National Alcohol and Family Violence survey?
family income, with low-income families being the most likely to report continued violence
177
What term was originally used to describe the tendency of health professionals to attribute all behavioral, social, and emotional problems to mental retardation in individuals with this diagnosis?
diagnostic overshadowing
178
The goal of an ____________ intervention is to make changes in the environment so that it better accommodates the individual, while the goal of an ______________ intervention is to change the individual so that h/she is better able to function effectively within his/her environment.
Alloplastic; autoplastic
179
For both men and women, admission rates into psychiatric hospitals are lowest among _____________, intermediate for those who are __________, and highest for those ____________.
widowed, married or divorced/separated, never married
180
For both men and women, the largest proportion of admissions is in the ___ to ___ age range.
25 to 44
181
The most common diagnosis for inpatients in the 18 to 44 age range is ______________.
Schizophrenia
182
For patients aged 65 and older, this is the most common diagnosis for psychiatric inpatients, followed by these types of disorders.
Organic disorder; affective disorder
183
True or false: Men are admitted to inpatient programs more often than women
True
184
True or False: Men are admitted to outpatient programs more often than women
False, the opposite is true
185
True or false: Hispanics represent the majority of admissions to both inpatient and outpatient mental health programs
False; Whites (70%)
