Clinician's Guide Menopause Practice Chapter 9 Flashcards
(185 cards)
What is the lifetime chance of women developing cancer?
One-in-three chance
This statistic highlights the significant risk of cancer in women.
Name three cancers that are unique to women.
- Cervical
- Uterine
- Ovarian
These cancers have specific implications for women’s health.
What are the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women?
- Breast
- Lung
- Colorectal
- Uterine
Skin cancers like squamous and basal cell are excluded from tumor registries.
What two factors primarily increase a woman’s lifetime risk of developing cancer?
- Aging
- Obesity
These factors are significant contributors to cancer incidence.
What percentage of adult Americans are considered obese according to the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey?
39.8%
This statistic underscores the obesity epidemic in the United States.
Which groups of women have the highest incidence of obesity?
- Non-Hispanic black women: 54.8%
- Hispanic women: 50.6%
- Non-Hispanic white women: 38%
These disparities highlight the varying risk levels among different demographics.
How does obesity relate to breast, uterine, ovarian, and colorectal cancers?
Obesity increases the risk for these cancers
Initially attributed to higher estrogen levels produced by fat, but more complex metabolic changes are involved.
What impact has increased awareness of cancer symptoms had on diagnosis?
More women are diagnosed with early stage cancers
This has led to improved cancer-specific outcomes and increased survivorship.
What is the most common cancer in women?
Breast cancer
This cancer is prevalent both in the United States and worldwide.
What effect did the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) have on hormone therapy use?
The use of hormone therapy declined
This was linked to an increased incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
What are the three categories of risk factors for developing breast cancer?
- Nonmodifiable
- Modifiable
- Treatment-associated
These categories help in understanding the different influences on breast cancer risk.
What are examples of nonmodifiable risk factors for breast cancer?
- Sex
- Age
- Prolonged menstrual life
- Genetic predisposition
- High breast density
These factors cannot be changed and are intrinsic to the individual.
What are modifiable risk factors for breast cancer?
- Obesity
- Alcohol intake
These factors can be altered to potentially reduce the risk of breast cancer.
What treatment-associated factor is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer?
Hormone therapy
The use of estrogen and progestin as hormone therapy has been associated with breast cancer risk.
At what age should women at average risk begin screening mammography according to the ACS?
Age 45
Screening guidelines vary among organizations.
What is the significance of the Oncotype Recurrence Score in breast cancer treatment?
It helps determine the need for chemotherapy
A score below 25 indicates no benefit from chemotherapy.
What is the recommended duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy for women diagnosed with HR-positive breast cancer?
- Tamoxifen: 10 years for premenopausal women
- Aromatase inhibitor: 5 years for postmenopausal women
This therapy is crucial for reducing recurrence risk.
What are common vasomotor symptoms experienced by breast cancer survivors?
- Hot flashes
- Night sweats
These symptoms can be influenced by menopause or endocrine therapies.
What is a common side effect of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer treatment?
Musculoskeletal pain
This syndrome can lead to noncompliance in treatment.
What is the importance of bone health in postmenopausal women with ER-positive breast cancer?
Assessment of bone mineral density is essential
This is crucial due to the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.
What is recommended for women with postmenopausal ER-positive and/or PR-positive breast cancer?
Empiric bone-directed therapy as adjuvant treatment
Attention to bone health and assessment of bone mineral density with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry should be included in the follow-up.
What is the recommended dosage of zoledronic acid for postmenopausal women undergoing adjuvant therapy?
4 mg intravenous zoledronic acid every month for 6 months
This is also applicable for premenopausal women who become postmenopausal due to chemotherapy.
What is the association between T-scores less than -1.5 at the initiation of an AI and osteoporosis?
Increased risk for developing osteoporosis over the subsequent 5 years
Administration of a bisphosphonate like zoledronic acid is associated with an improvement in T-score.
True or False: Women with breast cancer are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than from breast cancer.
True
Early menopause secondary to AIs requires lipid-profile assessment annually.