Cloning

Question 1

What is the definition of cloning?

Answer 1

It is the production of genetically identical individuals.

Cloning can occur naturally or through advanced technology.

Question 2

Name two organisms that reproduce asexually through binary fission.

Answer 2

• Bacteria
• Amoeba

Binary fission is a common method of asexual reproduction in simpler organisms.

Question 3

What is one method plants use for asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

Vegetative propagation and cutting.

This method allows for the cloning of plants.

Question 4

List three plants that can be cloned through tissue culture.

Answer 4

• Banana
• Orchid
• Strawberry

Tissue culture is a modern technique used for cloning various plant species.

Question 5

Which technique is used to clone animals?

Answer 5

Somatic cell nuclear transfer.

This technique involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell.

Question 6

True or False: Cloning can only occur in plants.

Answer 6

False

Cloning can occur in both plants and animals.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: Cloning in plants can be achieved through _______.

Answer 7

[tissue culture]

Question 8

Name two animals that have been cloned.

Answer 8

• Mice
• Dogs

Various species have been cloned, including both common pets and farm animals.

Question 9

What is one advantage of cloning in agriculture?

Answer 9

Uniformity in crop production.

Cloning ensures that all plants produced have the same genetic makeup, leading to consistent quality.

Question 10

List three animals that can be cloned through somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Answer 10

• Pigs
• Cats
• Horses

Somatic cell nuclear transfer has been successfully used in various animal species.

Question 11

What are tissue samples taken from a surface sterilized parent plant called?

Answer 11

Explants

Question 12

What type of cells are used for plant cloning in tissue culture?

Answer 12

Meristematic cells

Question 13

What is the process of forming a mass of undifferentiated cells called?

Answer 13

Callus formation

Question 14

What type of cell division leads to the formation of a callus?

Answer 14

Mitotic cell division

Question 15

In the plant cloning process, what is added to the sterile culture medium to promote growth?

Answer 15

Essential nutrients and plant hormones

Question 16

What happens to small pieces of the callus in the cloning process?

Answer 16

They are transferred to different sterile culture media

Question 17

What do the plant hormones in the new culture media promote?

Answer 17

The growth of shoots and roots

Question 18

What do the plantlets developed from the callus form?

Answer 18

Genetically identical plants

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The process of plant cloning is also known as _______.

Answer 19

Micropropagation

Question 20

True or False: The plantlets developed from the cloning process can be planted into soil.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What is the first step in the Nuclear Transfer technique?

Answer 21

Remove the nucleus of an egg of an adult frog

This technique was developed by John Gurdon in 1975 for cloning frogs.

Question 22

What is the second step in the Nuclear Transfer technique?

Answer 22

Replace it with the nucleus from a skin cell of the frog

Question 23

What successful outcome occurs in the Nuclear Transfer technique?

Answer 23

The egg successfully develops into a tadpole

Question 24

What limitation was observed in adult frogs cloned through Nuclear Transfer?

Answer 24

All these adult frogs were sterile

Question 25

What is the first step in the Embryo Splitting technique?

Answer 25

Isolate individual cells from an embryo at an early stage (8-cell stage)

Question 26

What is done to the isolated cells in the Embryo Splitting technique?

Answer 26

Grow the cells independently

Question 27

What happens to each isolated cell in the Embryo Splitting technique?

Answer 27

Each isolated cell develops into an embryo

Question 28

What is done with the embryos in the Embryo Splitting technique?

Answer 28

Transfer the embryos into the uteri of surrogate mothers for development

Question 29

What type of cell is obtained from the donor sheep in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

Answer 29

A mammary gland cell from an adult white-faced donor sheep A

Question 30

What is done to the egg cell obtained from the egg donor in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

Answer 30

Remove the nucleus of the egg cell by micropipette

Question 31

What is fused with the enucleated egg cell in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

Answer 31

The mammary gland cell from sheep A

Question 32

What is applied to the fused cell to initiate division in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

Answer 32

An electric shock

Question 33

What is the outcome of the embryo after 6 days in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

Answer 33

Transfer the embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother