cloning and biotechnology Flashcards
what is cloning
the process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from existing cells
what is vegetative propagation and give some examples
production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues
bulbs, runners and tubers
how do you produce a plant clone from a cutting
cut at an angle with a scalpel
remove leaves leaving just one at the tip
dip the lower end in rooting powder
plant the cutting in a pot in a suitable medium
control temperature and pH as well as covering the plant with a plastic bag
how do you produce a plant clone from tissue culture
cells are taken for. the roots and tips where meristem tissue is found
cells are sterilised to kill any microorganisms present
cells are placed on a medium containing organic nutrients, under aseptic conditions
a mass of undifferentiated cells is produced and can be subdivided to produce many cells very quickly
ho wis micropropagation used to produce plant clones
cells are taken from developing cloned plants and subcultured
used extensive in horticulture and agriculture
what are the arguments for and against plant cloning
+ desirable characteristics are always passed onto offspring, tissue culture allows rapid production in any season, less space is required by tissue culture, produces lots of plants quickly
- undesirable genetics are always passed on to clones , no genetic variability so susceptible to disease, production costs for tissue culture are high, contamination by microorganisms during tissue culture can result in complete loss of plants being cultured
Describe the process of artificial embryo twinning to produce animal clones
- egg cell is extracted from female cow and fertilised in a Petri dish
- the fertilised egg is left to divide at leats once
individual cells in embryo are separated and each is put into a separate Petri dish - the embryos are the planted into female cows which act as surrogate mothers
4.embryos develop and offspring are born which are all genetically identical to each other
describe the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer
somatic cell from organism is extracted and the nucleus is extracted and kept
an immature egg cell is taken from another organism and its nucleus is removed to form an enucleated
the nucleus from the first organism is inserted into the enucleated egg
the nucleus and the enucleated egg fuse together and are stimulated to divide, producing an embryo
the embryo is then inserted into a surrogate mother
what are some uses of animal cloning
cloned animals are used for research purposes
used in agriculture to produce more animals with desirable characteristics
animals that produce a useful substance, not normally produced can be cloned
saving endangered animals
what are some arguments against cloning
time consuming and expensive
no genetic variability
clones may not live a long (unethical)
embryos as a source of stem cells is unethical
what are some arguments for animal cloning
desirable characteristics are always passed on to clones
infertile animals can be reproduced
animals can be cloned at any time
increasing a population of an endangered species helps increase biodiversity
cloning can be helpful to develop new treatments for disease
what is biotechnology
the industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs and other products
why is it mostly microorganisms used in biotechnology
ideal growth conditions are easily maintained
grow rapidly
can grow a range of inexpensive materials
can be grown at any time of year
name some uses of micro-organism in biotechnology
brewing (making beer)
baking
cheese making
yoghurt production
penicillin production
insulin prodction
bioremediation
what are the pros of using microorganisms in food production
micro-organisms used to make single-cell protein can be grown using many different organic substrates
micro-organism can be grown, cheaply, quickly and easily
microorganisms can be cultured anywhere
single- cell protein is considered healthier than animal protein
