Cloning and Biotechnology Flashcards
What are 3 ways to immobilise enzymes
Entrapment in matrix
Covalent Bond to substance
Encapsulate in matrix
Memrbane seperation
Adsorbtion
What are the benefits of immobilising enzymes and state one disadvantage
-Enzymes can be recycled hence reduce cost
-Product is not contaminated with enzyme
-Process can run over a wider temp. range
DISADV. - High initial costs
What is primary metabolite and name an example
Molecule needed for cell’s normal survival E.G - Glucose
What is meant by recombinant DNA
DNA combined from two organisms
How does cloning occur
Somatic cell fused with enucleated egg cell from another organism-> done by electrostimulation. Fused cell start dividing forming embryo -> Embryo implanted in uterus in surrogate mothers
What are the adv. and disadv. of cloning as opposed to breeding
Adv. - Rapidly increases population of a certain species
Ensures transmission of desirable genetic traits to multiple offspring
Avoids mating risks
Preserves biodiversity
Disadv. - No genetic variability
Expensive
Cloning success rate is very poor
More susceptible to environmental factors
Cloned organism may possess health issue
What are secondary metabolites
Substances produced in non essential processes - E.G - Antibiotics and plant defence chemicals
What are 4 ways named factors inside fermenter can be adjusted to maximise yield
Oxygen - Increase it
pH - Add Buffer
Temperature - Maintain at optimum
Prevent entry of unwanted microbes
What are the advantages of using micro organisms
LOW COST- many micro organisms require low temperature
LARGE N. CAN BE PRODUCED - Reproduce quickly
LESS POLLUTION - Lower Energy Production
CAN BE PRODUCED IN MANY LOCATIONS - Not affected by climate
What is the importance of maintaining aseptic conditions
To avoid any unwanted microbe entry so no competition for nutrients
To avoid changing conditions to prevent decrease in yield - no contamination of batch
What are some applications of adult cell cloning
To preserve endangered species
To product best animals
How does bacteria cause food spoilage
Bacteria divide , more bacteria present and they secrete enzymes. Food is broken down
Release of toxins
Why dop enzymes have lower activity when immobilised
-substrates must move through a matirx
-active site is partly hidden
- matrix may affect shape of active site
How to clone a plant by taking a cutting
-Use a healthy shoot
-Cut stem at a slant between NODES
- Dip in auxin
-Place in soil + add water
- To reduce transpiration -> Cover with plastic bag
What are the advantages of vegatative propagation
-Quicker than sexual reproduction
-Predictable yield
-Can be done at any time of the year
-Easier to harvest
What are advantages of using micro organsism
Cheap - they work at low temp.
Can be genetically modified
Rapid growth/ Takes up little space
What are precautations to take for aseptic technique
-Use sterile equipment
-Disinfect surfaces
What is the process for serial diltuions from 50cm^3 if students counted 52 bacteria in a 0.01cm^3 sample
-Multiply 52 by 1000 to get n. of bacteria in 10cm^3
-Multiply by 100^n where n is the number of serial dilutions performed
-Multibly this by 5 to get n. of bacteria in 50cm^3
What could be reasons bacteria number may decrease
-increased competition-
-increased level of waste
-reproduction rate is lower than death rate
-less oxygen
How to clone via tissue culture
1.Remove meristem tissue from shoot tips and small tissue is called explant
2. Sterilise it using ethanol
3. Place in sterile growht medium with plant hormones
4. Plant hormones stimulate mitosis forming callus
5. Later hormones are adjusted to encourage root and shoot formation
How to produce many clones from parent plant
-Many explants taken from original plant
-Calluses are subdivided
What are practical consideration whe incubating bacteria
-Use aseptic techniques
-Use a pH probe
