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Ed Psych > Cluster 8 > Flashcards

Cluster 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Attention

A

Focus on a stimulus

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2
Q

Automaticity

A

The ability to perform thoroughly learned tasks without much mental effort

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3
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Perceiving based on noticing separate defining features and assembling them into a recognizable pattern

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4
Q

Central executive

A

The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources

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5
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units

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6
Q

Cognitive load

A

The volume of resources necessary to complete a task

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7
Q

Cognitive science

A

The interdisciplinary study of thinking, language, intelligence, knowledge creation, and the brain

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8
Q

Cognitive view of learning

A

A general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring, remembering, and using knowledge

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9
Q

Decay

A

The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time

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10
Q

Domain-specific knowledge

A

Information that is useful in a particular situation or that applies mainly to one specific topic

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11
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Keeping information in working memory by associating it with something else you already know

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12
Q

Episodic buffer

A

The process that brings together and integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory under the supervision of the central executive

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13
Q

Extraneous cognitive load

A

The resources required to process stimuli irrelevant to the task

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14
Q

General knowledge

A

Information that is useful in many different kinds of tasks; information that applies to many situations

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15
Q

Germane cognitive load

A

Deep processing of information related to the task, including the application of prior knowledge to a new task or problem

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16
Q

Gestalt

A

German for pattern or whole. Gestalt theorists hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes

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17
Q

Information processing

A

The human mind’s activity of taking in, storing, and using information

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18
Q

Interference

A

Processing new information interferes or gets confused with old information

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19
Q

Intrinsic cognitive load

A

The resources required by the task itself, regardless of other stimuli

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20
Q

Maintence rehearsal

A

Keeping information in working memory by repeating it to yourself

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21
Q

Mirror systems

A

Areas of the brain that fire both during perception of an action by someone else and when performing the action

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22
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of sensory information

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23
Q

Phonological loop

A

Part of working memory. A speech and sound related system for holding and rehearsing (refreshing) words and sounds in short-term memory for about 1.5 to 2 seconds

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24
Q

Sensory memory

A

System that holds sensory information very briefly

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25
Short-term memory
Component of memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds
26
Top-down
Making sense of information by using context and what we already know about the situation; sometimes called conceptually driven perception
27
Visuospatial sketchpad
Part of working memory. A holding system for visual and spatial information.
28
Working memory
The information that you are focusing on at a given moment
29
Acronym
Technique for remembering by using the first letter of each word in a phrase to form a new, memorable word
30
Automated basic skills
Skills that are applied without conscious thought
31
Chain mnemonics
Memory strategies that associate one element in a series with the next element
32
Concept
A category used to group similar events, ideas, objects, or people
33
Context
The physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event
34
Declarative knowledge
Verbal information; Facts; "knowing that" something is the case
35
Defining attribute
Qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept
36
Distributed practice
Practice in brief periods with rest intervals
37
Domain-specific stratefies
Consciously applied skills to reach goals in a particular subject or problem
38
Dual coding theory
Suggests that information is stored in long term memory as either visual images or verbal units, or both
39
Elaboration
Adding and extending meaning by connecting new information to exiting knowledge
40
Episodic memory
Long-term memory for information tied to a particular time and place, especially memory of the events in a person's life
41
Exemplar
An actual memory of a specific object
42
Explicit memory
Long-term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall
43
Flashbulb memories
Clear, vivid memories of emotionally important events in your life
44
Images
Representations based on the physical attributes- the appearance- of information
45
Implicit memory
Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling but that influences our behavior or thought without our awareness
46
Keyword method
System of associating new words or concepts with similar-sounding cue words and images
47
Levels of processing theory
Theory that recall of information is based on how deeply it is processed
48
Loci method
Technique of associating items with specific places
49
Long-term memory
Permanent store of knowledge
50
Massed practice
Practice for a single extended period
51
Mnemoics
Techniques for remembering; the art of memory
52
Organization
Ordered and logical network of relations
53
Part learning
Breaking a list of items into shorter lists
54
Priming
Activating a concept in memory or the spread of activation from one concept to another
55
Procedural knowledge
Knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task; "knowing how"
56
Procedural memory
Long-term memory for how to do thing
57
Productions
The contents of procedural memory; rules about what actions to take, given certain conditions. Units of knowledge that combine conditions with actions in "if this happens, do that" relationships that often are automatic
58
Propositional netwok
Set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long-term knowledge is held
59
Prototype
A best example or best representative of a category
60
Reconstruction
Recreating information by using memories, expectations, logic, and existing knowledge
61
Retrieval
Process of searching for and finding information in long-term memory
62
Rote memorization
Remembering information by repetition without necessarily understanding the meaning of the information
63
Schema(s)
Basic structures for organizing information; concepts
64
Script
Schema or expected plan for the sequence of steps in a common event such as buying groceries or ordering pizza
65
Self-regulatory knowledge
Knowing how to manage your learning, or knowing how and when to use your declarative and procedural knowledge
66
Semantic memory
Memory for meaning
67
Serial-position effect
The tendency to remember the beginning and the end, but not the middle of a list
68
Spreading activation
Retrieval of pieces of information based on their relatedness to one another. Remembering one bit of information activates (stimulates) recall of associated information
69
Story grammer
Typical structure or organization for a category of stories
70
Theory-based
An explanation for concept formation that suggests our classifications are based on ideas about the world that we create to make sense of things

Ed Psych (4 decks)

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