CMA - CH 21 Key Terms

Question 1

amino acid

Answer 1

basic structural unit of protein

Question 2

antioxidant

Answer 2

something that prevents oxidation

Question 3

ascorbic acid

Answer 3

Vitamin C

Question 4

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 4

Level of energy that is required when the body is at rest.

Question 5

beriberi

Answer 5

disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin B / thiamin; characterized by headaches, depression, anorexia, constipation, tachycardia, edema, and heart failure.

Question 6

chachectic

Answer 6

describes a state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting.

Question 7

calories

Answer 7

unit of heat. The large calorie is used in discussion of human nutrition. The large calorie is also expressed as the kilogram calorie (kcal), equal to 1,000 small calories.

Question 8

carotene

Answer 8

Vitamin A

Question 9

cellulose

Answer 9

type of indigestible fiber made of carbs found in plants

Question 10

cheilosis

Answer 10

caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B2 (riboflain) and characterized by sores on the lips and cracks in the corners of the mouth.

Question 11

cholecalciferol

Answer 11

Vitamin D

Question 12

cobalamin

Answer 12

Vitamin B12

Question 13

coenzyme

Answer 13

Substance that enhances a catalyst.

Question 14

digestion

Answer 14

Breaking down of food into smaller particles. Physical and chemical.

Question 15

diuretics

Answer 15

Substance that causes less water to be reabsorbed into the kidney and therefore causes water to be excreted from the body.

Question 16

electrochemical gradient

Answer 16

formation of electrical signals that allow information to flow through the nervous system.

Question 17

electrolytes

Answer 17

substance that conducts electricity whose components are important in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance. Some minerals are electrolytes in that they become ionized and carry a positive or negative charge.

Question 18

extracellular

Answer 18

pertaining to the environment outside of a body cell.

Question 19

fat-soluble vitamin

Answer 19

pertaining to substances that are hydrophobic and therefore dissolve better in fat.

Question 20

folic acid

Answer 20

One of the B complex vitamins.

Question 21

glossitis

Answer 21

inflammation of the tongue

Question 22

glycogen

Answer 22

Carbohydrate form used for storage of sugar in the body.

Question 23

hemolysis

Answer 23

rupturing and destruction of the red blood cells during the process of blood collection. The serum or plasma becomes contaminated and has a reddish color.

Question 24

homeostasis

Answer 24

the process that stops bleeding; either a natural balancing process of the body or by mechanical means (such as using a hemostat instrument to clamp a blood vessel)

Question 25

hydrogenated

Answer 25

an unsaturated fat that is combined with hydrogen.

Question 26

hypercalcemia

Answer 26

elevated level of calcium in the blood.

Question 27

hyperkalemia

Answer 27

elevated level of potassium in the blood

Question 28

hypermagnesemia

Answer 28

elevated magnesium in the blood

Question 29

hypernatremia

Answer 29

elevated level of sodium in the blood.

Question 30

hyperphosphatemia

Answer 30

elevated level of phosphorous in the blood.

Question 31

major minerals

Answer 31

mineral that is required in large amounts by the body. SEVEN: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, iron.

Question 32

megaloblastic anemia

Answer 32

type of anemia characterized by many large, immature, and dysfunctional red blood cells.

Question 33

metabolism

Answer 33

total of all changes, chemical and physical, that take place in the body. Also, the use of the nutrients that have been absorbed to maintain the living state of the cells and the entire body.

Question 34

niacin

Answer 34

one of the B-complex vitamins

Question 35

nutrients

Answer 35

ingested substance that helps the body stay in it's homeostatic state.

Question 36

nutrition

Answer 36

a complex process by which a plant or animal takes in, breaks into usable segments, and utilizes nutrients to sustain life.

Question 37

pellagra

Answer 37

disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid) characterized by sores on the skin, diarrhea, anxiety, confusion, and death if not treated.

Question 38

pernicious anemia

Answer 38

chronic anemia caused by lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; weakness, fatigue, tingling of extremities, and even heart failure can result; vitamin B12 injections are the treatment for this condition.

Question 39

preservatives

Answer 39

chemical added to food to keep it fresh longer, or added to urine to preserve it for testing.

Question 40

pyridoxine

Answer 40

Vitamin B6

Question 41

riboflavin

Answer 41

Vitamin B2

Question 42

saturated fats

Answer 42

fats that are typically solid at room temp, most commonly found in animal products such as butter, milk, cream, and eggs as well as coconut and palm oils.

Question 43

scurvy

Answer 43

deficiency in vitamin C characterized by the abnormal formation of bones and teeth. Signs of hemorrhage can appear, such as bruising.

Question 44

thiamin

Answer 44

Vitamin B1

Question 45

tocopherol

Answer 45

Vitamin E

Question 46

trace minerals

Answer 46

Mineral required by the body in small amounts. IE: copper, chromium, molybdenum. selenium, manganese, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluorine.

Question 47

vasoconstriction

Answer 47

narrowing or constricting of blood vessels

Question 48

vasodilation

Answer 48

relaxation of blood vessels, with decreased blood pressure.

Question 49

water-soluble vitamin

Answer 49

vitamins that can be dissolved in water and are carried to the body's tissues but are not stored in the body. IE: Vitamin C and the b vitamins.

Question 50

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrom

Answer 50

a syndrome whose symptoms include a clinical triad of confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Question 51

xerophthalmia

Answer 51

dry, lusterless mucous membranes of the eyes.

Question 52

SEVEN BASIC NUTRIENT TYPES

Answer 52

1. Carbohydrates 2. Fats 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water 7. Fiber