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Stage 3 Case 1 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 anatomical planes?

A

Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal

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2
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Left to right

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3
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Back to front

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4
Q

What is the horizontal plane?

A

Top to bottom

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5
Q

What is the front of the brain?

A

Anterior or Rostral

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6
Q

What is the back of the brain?

A

Posterior or Caudal

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7
Q

What is the top of the brain?

A

Dorsal or Superior

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8
Q

What is the bottom of the brain?

A

Ventral or Inferior

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9
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Allows an organism to interact with the environment.

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10
Q

What is somatic and visceral sensory?

A

This is the receptors that sense the change in environment.

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11
Q

What is sensory afferent?

A

Receives the signal from sensory receptors and pass to CNS.

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12
Q

What is the motor efferent

A

These are the output nerves which is split into the Autonomic nervous system and Somatic nervous system.

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The brain regulating the environmental reflexes without conscious perception. It is split into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

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14
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

This includes the skeletal muscles. E.g. if you can move your arm.

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15
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

A

Fight or flight

Sympathetic causes things like increase HR and para does the opposite.

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16
Q

What are the divisions of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the divisions of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Sensory and motor nervous system.

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18
Q

General somatic senses

A

Receptors are widely spread

  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Vibration
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
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19
Q

Proprioceptive senses

A

Detect stretch in tendons and muscle

-Body sense - position and movement of body in space

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20
Q

Special somatic senses

A
  • Hearing
  • Balance
  • Vision
  • Smell
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21
Q

Visceral sensory

A

General visceral senses – stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger

  • Widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts and reproductive organs
  • Special visceral sense - taste
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22
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Sensitive to stimuli arising from outside body

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23
Q

Why is it harder to detect pain on the inside of the body?

A

As there are fewer receptors.

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24
Q

Mechanoreceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli

A

Pressure and movement

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25
Mechanoreceptors (Exteroceptor) location
Skin, muscles ears
26
Photoreceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli
Light
27
Photoreceptors (Exteroceptor) location
Eyes
28
Chemoreceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli
Chemicals
29
Chemoreceptors (Exteroceptor) location
Nose, mouth
30
Thermoreceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli
Temperature
31
Thermoreceptors (Exteroceptor) location
Skin
32
Nociceptors (Exteroceptor) stimuli
Pain
33
Nociceptors (Exteroceptor) location
Skin
34
Enteroceptors
Or visceroreceptors, from internal viscera
35
Enterorceptors examples
Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors
36
Proprioceptors
Monitor degree of stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and ligaments. (muscle stretch)
37
The 4 lobes of the brain
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
38
What is the brain stem?
Primary control centre of the ANS. Integrates autonomic sensory information with effector commands from the hypothalamus. Connects brain to spinal cord.
39
Frontal lobe
Involved in forward planning. Inhibition of impulses and motor control.
40
Parietal lobe
Involved in sensory perception
41
Occipital lobe
Most of the visual process.
42
Temporal lobe
Hearing and language.
43
White matter
Bundles of axons each coated with a sheath of myelin
44
Grey matter
Masses of the cell bodies and dendrites – each covered with synapses
45
Grey matter in the brain
Concentrated on the outside
46
White matter in the brain
Connective fibres on the inside.
47
Grey matter in the spinal cord
Concentrated on the inside (opposite of brain)
48
White matter in the spinal cord
Connective fibres on the inside.
49
Ventricular systems in the brain
Fluid filled cavities in the brain
50
How many spinal nerves?
31 that are attached through dorsal and ventral nerve roots.
51
How are spinal nerves named?
According to the spinal cord segment from which they originate.
52
5 names of spinal nerves
``` Cervical (8) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccygeal (1) ```
53
Dorsal roots
Sensory fibres from cell bodies in dorsal roots ganglion
54
Ventral roots
Motor fibres from anterior grey column of spinal cord
55
Neurones
Send signals
56
Astrocytes
Sub type of glia cell. Sit between the blood supply and neurones. This is the BBB. Drugs must pass thought here to get to the neurones.
57
Oligodendrocytes
Helps produce myelin around axons
58
Microglia
Involved in fighting infections.
59
Ependymal cells
They play a critical role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain.
60
8 parts of the structure of neurone
Dendrite, cell body, nucleus, Node of Ranvier, myelin sheath, Schwann cell, axon, and axon terminal.
61
3 parts all neurones have
Dendrite, cell body (soma) and axon.
62
What are the two major cells of the brain?
Neurones and glia cells.
63
What is the synapse?
The connection between other neurones.
64
The brain stem controls (5)
``` Cardio Respiratory pH CO2 Bladder control ```
65
The hypothalamus controls
The hypothalamus is involved in homeostatic control and can modify brainstem control pathways. Overriding control of ANS, particularly known for temperature control.
66
Three main ANS control centres
Brainstem, hypothalamus, and limbic system
67
Role of the ANS
The ANS controls visceral function, its primary function is to maintain homeostasis and control the internal environment of the body
68
Limbic system purpose
Controls emotional / motivational control | centres and can influence physiological responses
69
Homeostasis
The control of the internal Environment
70
Sympathetic and parasympathetic in terms of the spinal cord.
They come out of slightly different parts of the spinal card and sued slightly different neurotransmitters.
71
2 major neurotransmitters of the ANS
Acetylcholine and noradrenaline
72
Sympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurotransmitter
ACh (Acetylcholine)
73
Sympathetic nervous system postganglionic neurotransmitter
NA (Noradrenaline)
74
Parasympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurotransmitter
ACh (Acetylcholine)
75
Parasympathetic nervous system postganglionic neurotransmitter
ACh (Acetylcholine)
76
What is preganglionic?
Before the spinal cord
77
What is postganglionic?
After the spinal cord
78
Purpose of acetylcholinesterase
Allows the breakdown of acetylcholine so the muscle can relax.
79
Hindbrain
Cerebellum, pons, medulla, oblonganta, reticular formation
80
Tectum
Superior colliculi and inferiro colliculi
81
Cerebral cortex
Three specializations
82
Sensory areas
Sensory input translated into perception
83
Motor areas
Direct skeletal movement
84
Association areas
Intergate information from sensory and motor areas, can direct voluntary behaviours.
85
Primary somatosensory cortex
Located in the postecentra gyrus.
86
Arachnoid
blood vessels run through
87
Pia mater
very thin layer separating the two parts its between
88
Dura mater
Outermost layer; continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves
89
Hindbrain
Cerebellum, pons, medulla, oblongata, reticular formation
90
Midbrain
Made up of the
91
What are high brain motors involved in?
Motor control
92
What re the two components for transmembrane transport
Chemical and electrical driving force
93
Electrical driving force
charges difference across the membrane
94
Chemical driving force
concentration gradient across the membrane
95
Electrical gradient + Chemical gradient
Electrochemical gradient
96
Electrochemical gradient
is generated by the mechanisms of active transport (pumps, ATP-ases)
97
What is the membrane potential?
Differences of voltage across the membrane
98
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
99
What is the overall major and biggest ion?
Chlorine
100
Voltage-gated ion channels
Transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential

Stage 3 Case 1 (12 decks)

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