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CNS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are seizures characterised by

A

The location of the abnormal activity and how it spreads

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2
Q

What is the focus of a seizure

A

Where it starts

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3
Q

What is a seizure

A

Abnormal firing of neurons

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4
Q

What is a partial seizure

A

Limited to a particular part of the brain

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5
Q

What is a generalised seizure

A

Involves both hemispheres of the brain

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6
Q

What are simple generalised seizures

A

Do not include the loss of consciousness

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7
Q

What are complex generalised seizures

A

Always include loss of consciousness

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8
Q

What are the causes of seizures

A

Change in blood glucose levels, pH levels, stress, fatigue, flashing lights

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9
Q

How can seizures be induced

A

Head injuries, lesions in the brain, tumours in the brain, infections, genetic components

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10
Q

How can you diagnose seizures

A

ECGS

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11
Q

What gives rise to different types of seizures

A

Mutations in iron channels

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12
Q

What is kainite

A

Normal agonist for glutamate receptors

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13
Q

What occurs in the kindling model

A

Occurs in patients that have reoccurring seizures, repeated low level electrical stimulation over several weeks

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14
Q

How can you treat seizures

A

By increasing inhibitory transmission or decreasing exhibitory transmission

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15
Q

How can we inhibit neurotransmission

A

We can affect the uptake of GABA from the synapse or we can deal with the metabolism of GABA

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16
Q

When are benzodiazepines and barbiturates used and example

A

In emergency situations for example Status epilepticus

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17
Q

An example of an uptake inhibitor

A

Tiagabine

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18
Q

An example of a metabolic inhibitor

A

Valproate

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19
Q

What does GAD do

A

converts glutamate into GABA

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20
Q

What occurs in GABAergic neurons

A

An enzyme is expressed known as glutamic acid decarboxylase

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21
Q

How can we decrease excitatory neurotransmission

A

Limiting the release of glutamate or decreasing the activity of the glutamate receptors

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22
Q

What is the most widely used drug to treat epilepsy

A

Carbamazepine

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23
Q

How do absence seizures work

A

They use a sub type of voltage gated calcium channel known as T-Type

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24
Q

What drugs can treat absent seizures

A

Ethosuximide and valproate

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25
What do GABApentin and pregabalin drugs do
They limit the number of calcium channels in the membrane
26
What are some neurotransmitters in the brain
Noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryotamine, acetylcholine
27
What are amine neurotransmitters in the brain associated with
High level behaviours, cognition, emotion and awareness
28
What to antipsychotics manage and target
Schizophrenia and target dopamine
29
What to antidepressants manage and target
Depression and target 5-Hydroxytrpatamine
30
What's the main source of noradrenaline
Locus sereleous
31
What type of receptors detect noradrenaline
G- coupled
32
What are Alpha1 receptors involved in
Motor control
33
What are Alpha 2 receptors involved in
Central regulation of blood pressure
34
What is B1 important for
Its a part of the brain important for initiating movements
35
What is the hippocampus involved in
Memory and learning
36
What type of receptor is Beta adreno and what does it do
A GS coupled receptor and inhibits the production through cyclic AMP
37
What type of receptor is Alpha 2 and what does it do
GI coupled receptor and inhibits the production of cyclic AMP
38
What type of receptor is Alpha 1
A GQ coupled receptor and increases phospholipase c signalling
39
What is dopamine important for
For fine motor control
40
What amino acid is dopamine made from
Tyrosine
41
What are the mesocritical and mesolimbic pathways involved with
Pleasure and reward, related to motivation
42
What enzyme converts dopa into dopamine
DOPA decarboxylase
43
Which two enzymes do dopaenergic neurons express
Tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase
44
What are D1 and D5
GS coupled receptors, stimulating adenylate cyclase
45
What are D2, D3 and D4
GI coupled receptors, inhibits Adenylyl cyclase
46
What are D2 receptors known to do
Activate potassium channels and voltage gated calcium channels
47
What does an inhibition of D2 receptors lead to
Increased prolactin secretion
48
Where are D1 receptors widely expressed
In the cortex and limbic system
49
What are the therapeutic uses of amphetamine
Stimulates wakefulness, effective in treating ADHD
50
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations, delusions, defects in ability to focus, aggression
51
What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
Blunting of emotion, anhedonia, reluctance to perform every day tasks
52
What are effective treatments for schizophrenia
Agonists of D2 receptors
53
Types of Unipolar depression
Reactive (75%), and endogenous (25%)
54
What is bipolar disorder
Depression that alternates with mania characterised by excessive exurbance etc.
55
Typical symptoms of depression
Low mood, apathy, changes in weight/ appetite, low self esteem, lack of concentration, loss of libido
56
Diagnosis for depression
Patients experience symptoms for more than 2 weeks and they disrupt normal social and occupational function
57
Risk factors for depression
Genetic risks (40%), secondary to illness, stressful life events
58
Parts of the brain that impact depression
Amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus succumbence, ghrelin and leptin receptors
59
What can postnatal depression lead to
Depressed children, babies brain waves can become altered if mother is depressed
60
What kind of treatment is advised for people with depression
Counselling with the combination of antidepressants
61
What are the animal models of depression
Acute stress models, chronic (mild) stress models
62
What was the first antidepressant
Iproniazid- an MAO inhibitor
63
Which drugs exert their actions by manipulating monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain
Tricyclic ADs, Reserpine, Iproniazid

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