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Sex conflict and cooperation Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is sex?

A

Any genetic exchange between individuals, the occurence of meoisis

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2
Q

What does meoisis involve

A

Initiated by the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote. Process of recombination of paternal and maternal genomes

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3
Q

What are the costs of sex

A

Physiological costs of meiosis
Risk of producing maladapted offspring
Cost of mating
Cost of producing males

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4
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce

A

Its a copying process, produces genetically identical clones

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5
Q

What does recombination allow

A

Favourable mutations to be integrated more qucikly into the population

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6
Q

What is mullers rachet

A

Random loss of mutation free chromosomes, population gets worse every generation

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7
Q

What is genetic hitchhiking

A

Deleterious mutations linked to beneifical ones, beneficial under positive selection, increasing in frequency, deleterious mutation is dragged along

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8
Q

What is ruby in the rubbish

A

Linkage between strong deleterious mutation and a weakly beneficial one, weak beneficial one will be lost so process of adaptation is slower

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9
Q

What is the Hill Robertson effect

A

Asexual population, 3 genes, when these beneficial alleles arise, they arise in different individuals. The only way to get the fittest genotype is to wait overtime

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10
Q

What is the benifit of sex

A

Shuffles the genome to produce new combinations of genes

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11
Q

What are the other hypothesises to why sex is maintained

A

Advantageous in variable environments, more likely to be an advantage if the environment changes rapidly

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12
Q

What is the co-evolutionary arms race aka red queen hypothesis and what does it lead to

A

Between parasite and the host. Leads to cycles of adaption and counter adaption

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13
Q

List of evidence for the red queen hypothesis

A

Sex of new zealand snails, parasite has large fitness consequences
High levels of parasitism favours sexual reproduction
Gibson reviewed that theres a strong correlation between parasitism and outcrossing

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14
Q

What determines sex in male in American alligators

A

Incubation of eggs, 33 degrees produces males and lower produces females

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15
Q

Who discorred sex chromosomes in the early 1900s

A

Nettie Stevens

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16
Q

What are the new type of chromosomes

A

Females have ZW, males have ZZ. Occurs in birds, fish and geckos

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17
Q

What happens when recombination is lost

A

Deleterious mutations start to accumulate

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18
Q

What does the X chromosome in humans contain compared to Y

A

1000 genes, Y only encodes 45 proteins

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19
Q

What does gene conversion involve

A

The transfer of genes from the donor sequence to the acceptor sequence facilitated by the amplionic regions

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20
Q

What are palindrome regions

A

Mirror image repeat structures

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21
Q

How many palindrome repeats does the Y chromosome have

A

9

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22
Q

Whats the cycle of sex chromosome evolution

A

Sex chromosomes -> supression -> divergence -> degeneration -> loss of Y/W -> autosomes ->

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23
Q

What are the two different strategies for gamete production

A

One really big gamete, or lots of smaller gametes

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24
Q

What is zygote size determined by

A

The sum of gametes that fuse from it

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25
Which gametes are more likely to survive
The bigger gametes
26
What does disrputive selection of gamete size act against
Medium gametes as they are mediocre at both functions. Disruptive selection leads to unequal gamete sizes
27
Balanced polymorphism/ anisogamy of gametes
Males and females produce different sized gametes. Females produce less, larger gametes, males produce smaller gametes
28
Whats the bateman principle
Matin success should be more variable than female success. Females are the limiting factor for reproduction
29
What does female limitation lead to
Competition between males and the evolution of choosiness among females
30
Direct benifits of choosiness examples
Mottled sculpin, females come to breeding patches then lay eggs and males fertilise their eggs and defend terriory- positive correlation between size and the egfs Female scorpianflies copulations for nuptial gifts- fmeales get nutritional benifits
31
What is fisherian runaway selection and example
Females choose males that are attractive because they produce attractive sons Traits become more exaggerated. Molly schumer, sword tail fish with elongated fins
32
What do male sexual ornaments tend to be
Conditon dependant
33
Costs of sexual selection
Favours costly males
34
How can sexual dimorphisms differ
In secondary characteristics, in reproductive traits and in physiology
35
What is intra locus conflict
When conflict arises in males and females with a shared genetic basis
36
Whats inter-locus conflict
A trait in one sex interacts with a trait in another sex, different genomic loci are involved
37
How does intralocus conflict arise
When there is contradictory selection pressures between males and females acting on the same gene with the same trait
38
What does intralocys conflict promote
Genetic diversity within populations, which is key for adaptions
39
What does concordant mean
Operates in the same direction
40
Example of interlocus conflict
Sex peptide protein is expressed by males, transferred to females in the mating interaction, reducing female receptivity, ramping up egg production
41
Where are sex biased genes more common in
The gonad and are more common in animals
42
What are selfish genes
Elemements within the genome that replicate themselves at a higher rate than the normal duplication of DNA
43
What are transposable elements
Made up of 3 protein coding components, these are transcribed by normal cellular machinery and translated
44
What can lead to an increase in genome size
Transposable elements
45
An example of a meiotic driver in drospophila
A gene called sr found in the x chromosome
46
What is altruism
Sacrificing their own fitness or reproductive output is beneficial for others to evolve
47
What is the kin selection theory
A theory put forward by Hamiltion to explain the problem of altruism
48
Whats inclusive fitness
The combination of direct fitness and indirect fitness
49
Whats the hamiltons rule equation
rB - C > 0 B = benifit to recipient C = cost to the actor for an altruistic behaviour r = degree of relatedness
50
Whats an example of altruism
Euosociality
51
Whats hapodiploidy and where does it occur
Males come from unfertilised eggs and females are diploid Happens within ants, wasps and bees
52
Coevolution definiton
Reciprocal genetic change in interacting species, owing to natural selection imposed by each on the other
53
What are examples of inerspecific interactions that aren't coevolution
Neutralism, commensalism, amensalism
54
What are examples of inter specific interactions that lead to coevolution
Antagonism, competition, mutalism
55
Whats the parasite evolution equation
R0 = bN/ v + d + r
56
What does R stand for
The fitness of the parasite, the higher the R, the fitter
57
What does bN stand for
rate of new infection
58
What does v + d + r stand for
rate at which hosts are lost
59
What are parastitoids
Parasites where a part of their life cycle means they have to kill their hosts to be passed on to the next generation
60
What are some examples of vertical transmission
Mitochondria, aphids and their symbiotic bacteria
61
What are passifloras main adaption
Secondary metabolites in the form of cyanogenic compounds
62
What is the counter adaption for the heliconius butterflies
The cyanogenic compounds dont effect them
63
Counter adaptions in passiflora
Egg mimicry
64
Another counter adaption in the butterflies
The butterflies learn leaf shape
65
What are the competition end points
One species can out compete the other and drive it to extinction Could result in adaptations that reduce competition, helping the species to coesxit
66
An example of mutalism
Pollinators and flowering plants

Biology (9 decks)

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