CNS, ALC, ANXIOLYTICS, ANTDEPRESS!

Question 1

what is psychchotropic vs phychoactive

Answer 1

psychotropic- any substance that acts centrally

Psychoactive- substances that alter mood

Question 2

neuromodulators

Answer 2

act upon postsynaptic cells without producing action pot but altering the post synaptic response

Question 3

size of classic nts

Answer 3

small molecules ranging from 111-190 da

Question 4

What are the amino acid neurotransmitters (excitatory and inhibitory)

Answer 4

excitatory- glutamate

inhibitory- GABA, glycine

Question 5

what are neuropeptides

Answer 5

alpha and beta endorphins which are endogenous opiods

Question 6

sodium/chloride/potassium conc loc

Answer 6

pot higher inside

sodium and choride higher outside

Question 7

ach synthesis and degredation

Answer 7

choline is taken up by neurons and converted by choline acetyltransferase to ach

acetylcholine esterase hydroxyzes it to acycle coa and choline

Question 8

how is serotonin formed

Answer 8

formed by hydroxylation and decarboxylation of aa tryptophan

Question 9

How is serotonin degraded

Answer 9

degreded by monoamine oxidase isozymes into 5-HIAA

Question 10

How is most excess serotonin delt with

Answer 10

reuptake into ppre synaptic nerve endings

Question 11

What is the production of catacholamines

Answer 11

tyrosine->L dopa-> dopamine-> noradrenaline-> adrenaline

Question 12

how are catecholamines removed from the synaptic cleft

Answer 12

catechol-o-methyl transferase and high affinity transporters that carry undegraged nts into the pre synaptic cytoplasm

Question 13

what are the excitatory and inhibitory catecholamine receptors

Answer 13

D1= excitatory
D2= inhibitory

Question 14

what about alcohol makes it more intoxicating

Answer 14

lipophilicity increases with each carbon number and so does the degree of intoxication

Question 15

How much of alcohol is oxidized by the liver

Answer 15

90%

Question 16

what is the steps to alcohol biotransformation

Answer 16

1. oxidation of ethanol into acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase
2. acetaldehyde to acetate by acetaldhede dehydrogenase
   - enzymes found in cytosol of hepatic cells

Question 17

what order metabolism does alcohol go thru

Answer 17

zero order metabolism

Question 18

What is the microsomal pathway used for in alcohol metabolism

Answer 18

during chronic ethanol consumption meos activity increases resulting in faster elimination of alcohol from blood

Question 19

what is oxidation of alcohol inhibited by

Answer 19

disulfiram which inhibits acetyladehyde dehydrogenase

Question 20

How does ethanol affect neurotransmission

Answer 20

Enhances the action of GABA at the GABA (a) receptor and inhibits the ability of glutamate to open cation channels (NMDA)

Question 21

what does methaanol biotransformation result in and what is side effect of poisoning + antidote

Answer 21

slow formation of formaldyhyde and formic acid

-most characteristic side effect is visual disturbances and metabolic acidosis

Fomepizole used to inhibit ADH

Question 22

What occurs during binding of GABA to benzo receptor

Answer 22

chloride channels open and cl flows into the cell resulting in neuronal hyperpolarization

Question 23

what is the antidote for bentzos in a overdose sit

Answer 23

Flumaxenil is a specific antagonist at the GABA a receptor

Question 24

what enzyme systems are used for benzo biotransformation

Answer 24

phase 1 (p450) then phase 2 after

oxazepan just goes through phase 2

Question 25

what was the first antidepressent

Answer 25

mao inhibitor iproniazid

Question 26

What is an SSRI and SNRI

Answer 26

SSRI= selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SNRI= selective noradrenelin reuptake inhibitor

Question 27

what are the negative side effects of tricyclic antidepresents

Answer 27

anti cholinergic activity as related to brain + heart All produce considerable blockage of muscarinic cholingeric receptors resulting in sedation + cardiotox

Question 28

what is the benifit of SSRIs over TCAs

Answer 28

less cardiotoxic effect (ex venladxine has none)

Question 29

What can the mixing of MAOIs with TCAs cause

Answer 29

Seritonin syndrome - -muscle tone up - -body temp up - -tachycardia - -hypertension

Question 30

what can mixing ectasy and TCAs lead to

Answer 30

hyper and hypotension and hyper pyrexia

Question 31

what are antipsychotics made to do

Answer 31

antagonists of the dopamine D2 recetor that exists pre and post synaptically (side effect may be parkinsonism)

Question 32

what is the drug of choice for the management of PD related psychotic reactions

Answer 32

Quetiapine

Question 33

Adverse effects of antipsychotics (5)

Answer 33

1. Akinesia 2. Rigidity 3. Tremor 4. Akathisia (restlessness) 5. dyskinesias (involuntary)