cns (ch 12) Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
steps of neural tube development
A
embryonic folding of the ectoderm on what will become the dorsal surface, encloses at cranial end to form brain, encloses at caudal end to complete spinal cord
2
Q
the cranial neural tube initially forms into these three regions
A
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
3
Q
prosencephalon
A
means forebrain
4
Q
subdivisions of prosencephelon
A
telencephalon
diencephalon
5
Q
telencephalon
A
means end brain
assc with lateral ventricle
6
Q
diencephalon
A
means split brain
assc with 3rd ventricle
7
Q
mesencephalon
A
means midbrain
assc with cerebral aqueduct
8
Q
rhombencephalon
A
means hindbrain
9
Q
subdivisions of rhombencephalon
A
metencephalon
myelencephalon
10
Q
metencephalon
A
means added brain
assc with 4th ventricle
11
Q
myelencephalon
A
means spinal brain
12
Q
beyond the neural tube is…
A
the spinal cord (assc with the central canal)
13
Q
dura mater means…
A
tough mother
14
Q
the dura mater is made of…
A
2 layers of dense irregular CT
15
Q
layers of the dura mater
A
periosteal
meningeal
16
Q
the periosteal layer is…
A
against the bone
17
Q
the meningeal layer is…
A
the deeper layer
18
Q
the layers of the dura mater split to form…
A
dural venous sinuses
19
Q
septae means…
A
separations
20
Q
the falx cerebri is…
A
the sickle of the brain
21
Q
the tentorum cerebelli is…
A
the tent of the cerebellum
22
Q
the falx cerebelli is…
A
the sickle of the cerebellum
23
Q
types of septae
A
falx cerebri
tentorum cerebelli
falx cerebelli
24
Q
arachnoid means…
A
spider like
25
the subarachnoid space contains...
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
26
arachnoid villi are...
fingerlike projections that project into the dural venous sinuses
27
pia mater means...
delicate mother
28
characteristics of the pia mater
delicate loose CT covers the CNS surface
follows each gyrus and each sulcus
29
meningitis is...
inflammation due to a CNS or CSF infection
30
severity of viral vs bacterial/fungal meningitis
viral - serious
bacterial/fungal - deadly
31
CSF is formed by...
the choroid plexus (vascular network)
32
tufts of capillaries are within all _____
ventricles
33
capillaries are covered by _____
ependymal cells
34
CSF is filtered out of _____ due to _____
blood, blood pressure
35
flow of CSF
from two lateral ventricles, to the 3rd ventricle, to the 4th ventricle, to either the central canal or subarachnoid space, to the arachnoid villi
36
CSF gets to the 3rd ventricle through _____
interventricular foramina
37
CSF gets to the 4th ventricle through _____
the cerebral aqueduct
38
number of median and lateral apertures
1 median, 2 lateral
39
in the arachnoid villi, CSF ____________
goes back into venous blood in dural venous sinuses
40
functions of CSF
delivering nutrients and O2 to ependymal cells
cushioning and floating the brain
41
what are spinal taps
the process of obtaining sample CSF below the spinal cord in the lumbar region
42
assc fluid filled cavities of telencephalon
2 lateral ventricles
43
higher functions of telencephalon
memory, intelligence, planning, interpretation
44
gyri means...
ridges
45
sulci are...
shallow grooves
46
the central sulcus consists of...
the frontal and parietal lobes
47
the lateral sulcus consists of...
the temporal lobe
48
the parieto-occipital sulcus consists of...
(from a median view) the parietal and occipital lobes
49
fissures are...
deep grooves
50
the longitudinal fissure is...
between the R and L hemispheres with falx cerebri
51
the transverse fissure is...
between hemispheres and cerebellum with tentorum cerebelli
52
cortex means...
bark
53
the surface gray matter of the cortex contains _____
somas
54
function of frontal lobe
motor/motor planning functions
55
primary motor cortex characteristics
on frontal lobe
homonculus - little person
face - lateral
foot - medial
56
Broca's area characteristics
on frontal lobe
located on the left side
deals with motor planning for speech
57
pre-frontal cortex characteristics
on frontal lobe
responsible for foresight (planning/attention)
58
the ______ is the last part of the brain to develop at age _____
pre-frontal cortex, 25
59
primary somatosensory cortex characteristics
on parietal lobe
post-central gyrus
face - lateral
foot - medial
60
somatosensory association cortex characteristics
on parietal lobe
behind post-central gyrus
gives meaning to sensation
61
primary visual cortex characteristics
on occipital lobe
responsible for general info (size, color, edges, movement)
62
visual association cortex characteristics
on occipital lobe
responsible for interpretation
63
primary auditory cortex characteristics
on temporal lobe
responsible for hearing (pitch, loudness)
64
characteristics of auditory associated areas
on temporal lobe
interprets sound
65
function of Wernicke's area
interpreting speech
66
the insular lobe is located...
deep to the lateral sulcus
67
the gustatory cortex is responsible for ______
taste
68
white matter contains...
axons (most are myelinated)
69
white matter is located...
deep to the cortex
70
tracts are...
axon collections in the CNS
71
function of commissural fibers
connecting the hemispheres
72
example of commissural fibers
corpus callosum body of fibers
73
association fibers are located...
within one hemisphere
74
projection fibers run...
to and from hemispheres to the rest of the CNS
75
somas are located...
deep to the white matter of the hemisphere
76
basal nuclei are responsible for...
motor control (initiating and stopping movement)
77
symptoms of Parkinson's disease
resting tremors, rigidity, difficulty starting/stopping motion
78
septum pellucidum characteristics
means separation that is clearish
located between lateral ventricles
79
fornix characteristics
means arch
connecting band of white matter
80
assc fluid cavity of diencephalon
3rd ventricle
81
thalamus means...
where nerves originate
82
the thalamus consists of...
many nuclei/somas
83
process of the sensory relay station
sense info --> synapses in thalamus --> sent to cortex
84
features of the thalamus
shaped like a fat dumbbell
intermediate mass connects the R and L halves of the thalamus through the 3rd ventricle
85
the hypothalamus contains ____ nuclei, and has ___ functions as a result
many, many
86
functions of the hypothalamus
body's thermostat, produces hormones, physical aspects of emotion, drives (thirst, hunger, sleep, sex)
87
characteristics of mamillary bodies
means breasts
deal with memory and emotion
88
infundibulum characteristics
means funnel
stalk of pituitary
89
pituitary/hypophysis characteristics
means grow below
secretes hormones
90
pineal means...
pinecone
91
the pineal is responsible for...
visual input (sleep/wake cycles through melatonin)
92
assc fluid filled cavity of the mesencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
93
peduncles means...
little feet
94
cerebral peduncles consist of...
motor projection fibers and axons
95
corpora quadrigemina means...
bodies of four, twins
96
parts of the corpora quadrigemina
superior and inferior colliculi
97
colliculi means...
mound
98
the superior colliculi is responsible for...
visual reflexes
99
the inferior colliculi is responsible for...
hearing reflexes
100
assc fluid cavity of the metencephalon
4th ventrivle
101
pons means...
bridge
102
pons characteristics
cranial nerves/nuclei
centers for respiratory and cardiovascular functions
103
cerebellum means...
little brain
104
the cerebellum is responsible for...
skeletal muscle coordination (subconscious to fine/gross motor skills)
matching intent with what is happening
105
arbor vitae means...
tree of life
106
the arbor vitae consists of...
white matter
107
gray matter is the cerebellar _____
cortex
108
folia means...
leaves
109
assc fluid cavity of the myelencephalon
4th ventricle
110
medulla oblongata means...
inner part - elongated
111
pyramids of medulla characteristics
ridges - anterior
motor fiber
112
decussation means...
crossing
113
the medulla oblongata contains...
centers for respiratory and cardiovascular function
114
function of the limbic system
emotion and memory
115
location of the limbic system
lower hemispheres and temporal lobe (amygdala), hippocampus, diencephalon
116
functional regions of the brain
limbic system and reticular formation
117
function of reticular formation
alertness and arousability
118
location of reticular formation
posterior brainstem - midbrain to medulla
119
the spinal cord runs from ___ to ___
the foramen magnum to L1
120
conus medullaris means...
cone inside (tapers)
121
cauda equina means...
tail of horse (nerves in vertebral canal)
122
filum terminale means...
file at the end (pia mater anchors the cord to the bottom of the sacrum)
123
spinal taps usually occur...
below L1 (sample of CSF is taken from the subarachnoid space)
124
why are do cervical and lumbar enlargements occur
extremities have lots of neurons
125
average cord diameter
pinky finger
126
meninges of the spinal cord are...
the same as the brain
127
cross section of spinal cord
ventral and dorsal parts
128
gray matter is ____ while white matter is ____
deep, superficial
129
grooves of the spinal cord
anterior/ventral median fissure
posterior/dorsal median sulcus
130
arrangement of spinal cord
around central canal
131
ventral horn characteristics
motor neuron somas
alpha motor neurons to skeletal muscle
132
dorsal horn characteristics
sensory association neuron somas
133
lateral horn characteristics
thoracic
autonomic sympathetic motor neuron somas
134
gray commissure is located...
around the central canal
135
white matter consists of...
myelinated axons
136
funiculi means...
cable
137
columns of white matter
ventral
dorsal
R and L lateral
138
tracts are...
collections of axons in the CNS
139
ascending tracts are ___, while descending tracts are ___
sensory, motor
140
motor functions occur in the ___
front
141
function of the lateral corticospinal tract
mechanism of getting info from the cortex to the spine
142
column of the lateral corticospinal tract
lateral
143
pathway of the lateral corticospinal tract
descending motor
144
run of the lateral corticospinal tract
cortex --> cerebral peduncles --> pyramids --> decussation --> lateral column to ventral horn
145
function of the lateral spinothalamic tract
pain stimuli
146
column of the lateral spinothalamic tract
lateral
147
pathway of the lateral spinothalamic tract
ascending sensory
148
run of the lateral spinothalamic tract
unipolar sensory neuron --> dorsal horn sensory assn neuron
