CNS Exam 1 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What is nervous system dominant in? (3 things)
A
coordination
Association
Integration
2
Q
What 2 things can’t the nervous system store?
A
oxygen/glucose
3
Q
How many cranial nerve pairs in PNS?
A
12
4
Q
How many spinal nerve pairs in PNS?
A
31
5
Q
What does the somatic NS innervate?
A
skeletal muscles (voluntary)
6
Q
What does the Autonomic/Visceral NS innervate?
A
glands, smooth and cardiac muscles (involuntary)
7
Q
What is the Parasympathetic NS?
A
rest and digest
8
Q
What makes up the Craniosacral subdivision?
A
CN: 3, 7, 9, 10
SN: 2, 3, 4
9
Q
What is the sympathetic NS?
A
fight or flight
10
Q
What makes up the Thoracolumbar subdision?
A
T1 - L2
11
Q
What do neuroblasts give rise to?
A
neurons
12
Q
What do glioblast cells give rise to?
A
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
13
Q
What do glioblast cells play a role in?
A
structural support
14
Q
Most numerous cell of the adult CNS?
A
astrocytes
15
Q
What is the function of astrocytes?
A
form scar tissue during injury
16
Q
2 types of astrocytes
A
protoplasmic and fibrous
17
Q
What astrocytes are found in grey matter?
A
protoplasmic
18
Q
What astrocytes are found in white matter?
A
fibrous
19
Q
2 types of oligodendrocytes
A
perineuronal sattelites and interfascicular
20
Q
Where are perineuronal satellites Oligodendrocytes found and what is there function?
A
found in gray matter;
nutrition storage
21
Q
Where are interfascicular Oligodendrocytes found and what is there function?
A
found in white matter; form myelin around axons in CNS.
22
Q
What cells line the central canal and ventricles of CNS?
A
ependymal cells
23
Q
What serve as a leaky barrier between CSF and CNS parenchyma
A
ependymal cells
24
Q
Ependymal cells secrete CSF and form the…
A
choroid plexus
25
Where are tanycytes located?
in the 3rd ventricle
26
What is the most common primary brain tumor?
astrocytoma
27
What is the most lethal primary brain tumor?
glioblastoma
28
What primary brain tumors restrict flow of CSF?
ependymoma
29
What is the function of Microglia?
phagocytic, responsible for clearing dead and damaged tissue
30
What does the neural crest tissue give rise to?
PNS structures
31
What do neuroblasts depend on to guide them as they migrate through the CNS
glial cells (astrocytes)
32
What neurons carry visceral or somatic sensory info?
unipolar
33
Where are unipolar neurons found?
in dorsal root ganglian
34
What neurons are associated with special sense structures?
bipolar
35
How many axons can a neuron have?
only 1!
36
What direction do sensory neurons carry info?
toward CNS
37
What direction do motor neurons carry info?
away from the CNS
38
neuron that runs between equivalent structures on opposite sides of the CNS
commissural
39
neuron that begins in one structure and terminates in a different structure of the CNS
projection
40
neuron in the spinal cord that begins and ends at the same cord level
intra segmental
41
neuron in the spinal cord that begins at one cord level and terminates at another cord level
inter segmental
42
3 types of structures that meet to form a synapse in the CNS?
axoaxonic
axodendritic
axosomatic
43
What do axoaxonic structures connect to?
axon
44
What do axodendritic structures connect to?
dendrites
45
What do axosomatic structures connect to?
axosomatic
46
Nissl bodies respond quickly and appear to dissolve but really the bodies are just dispersed and this is known as
chromatolysis
47
fragmentation of the golgi apparatus under injured conditions
retispersion
48
What is the function of microtubules?
help maintain cell shape
49
What direction is slow transport?
anterograde
50
What is the speed of slow transport directly related to?
axon length
51
Does slow transport need ATP?
no
52
What direction does fast transport occur?
anterograde or retrograde
53
What molecules do slow transport carry?
protein building blocks
54
What molecules do fast transport carry?
synaptic vessicels and lysosomes
55
What is fast transport related to?
not axon length but energy denpendent
56
anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system?
neuron
57
an extension of the neuron away from its cell body
neuron process
58
a neuron process conducting an impulse (charge) toward the cell body (can be several dendrites)
dendrite
59
single neuron process carrying the impulse (charge) away from the cell body toward a synaptic or neuromuscular junction
axon
60
a raised area of the cell body from which an axon arises; in the CNS most action potentials are initiated here
axon hillock
61
a dominantly long process, if present, of a neuron. Usually an axon but can be a dendrite too
nerve fiber
62
Where can myelin covers be found
both PNS and CNS fibers
63
When myelin cover is present where it only covers...
long process (fibers)
64
What is the minimal diameter size an axon needs to be in order to be myelinated?
greater than 2 microns
65
What nerve fibers have Schwann cells?
every PNS
66
If fibers have Schwann cells are they myelinated?
no
67
where one Schwann covering cell meets another
internodes
68
What Mesodermally derived connective tissue is high vascular and next to the neuron?
endoneurium
69
What Mesodermally derived connective tissue is virtually inelastic and continuous w/ the dura matter?
epineurium
70
What Mesodermally derived connective tissue is the most elastic and becomes continuous with the pia and arachnoid?
perineurium
71
What is the virtually inelastic outer coat of a nerve?
epineurium
72
What is the thickest and outermost of the meninges?
dura mater
73
What are the 2 layers of the cranial vault?
endosteal dura and meningeal dura
74
What is the outer highly vascular dura layer which serves as a periosteum to the cranial bones?
endosteal dura
75
What is the inner more fibrous layer of the dura?
meningeal dura
76
How many dura layers are in the vertebral canal?
only 1 (the meningeal dura)
77
What is the potential space?
real space
78
where is the epidural space created?
along the vertebral canal
79
What is the epidural space filed with?
areolor and adipose connective tissue
80
Where is the internal vertebral venous plexus?
epidural space
81
How is the dura attached w/in the vertebral canal?
fused from rim of foramen magnum thru filum terminale
| then, from lower sacrum to first to coccygeal segment.
82
what are meningovertebral ligaments?
dura making attachment into ligaments or periosteum of:
the axis,
lower cervical and occasionally thoracic vertebarae
83
What is the double layer or meningeal dura extending into a few fissures of the brain?
dural falces
84
What 2 flexures are present before the 3rd and 4th weeks of development
cervical and cephalic
85
What is located in the great longitudinal cerebral fissure between the Rt/Lt cerebral hemisphere?
Falx Cerebri
86
Where the meningeal dura dips between the cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cerebellar notch
falx cerebelli
87
paired structure with a right and left extension
tentorium cerebelli
88
The opening left in the middle between Lt. and Rt. tentorial wings is called the...
tentorial hiatus
89
The tentoria are actually located in the ___ ___ fissure
transverse cerebral
90
Meningeal dura that forms a "roof" over the sella turcica
diaphragma sellae
91
The dura and cephalgia (headache) are associated with what?
dura vascular tissue
92
Is the arachnoid mater vascular?
non-vascular
93
Does the arachnoid matter dip into fissures or sulci?
no
94
Is the dura mater a real or potential space?
potential space
95
Is the subdural space a real or potential space?
real space
96
Is the arachnoid trabeculae a real or potential space?
real space
97
Is the subarachnoid space a real or potential space?
real space
98
What does the arachnoid villi allow int the blood stream?
CSF
99
What is the largest cranial cistern?
cerebellomedullary cistern
100
The pontine cistern is the anterior aspect of what?
the pons
101
What are the pair of openings that enter the Pontine Cistern laterally through the 4th ventricle?
lateral foramina of Luschka
102
What is the largest cistern of the body?
lumbar cistern
103
What do arachnoid villi become when calcified?
pacchionian bodies
104
What do the arachnoid villi facilitate?
csf transportation
105
What is the function of the arachnoid villi?
allows used CSF to be removed from the subarachnoid space
106
Does the pia dip into all fissures and sulci of the brain and cord
yes
107
The denticulate ligaments in the vertebral canal are formed by...
pia
108
the filum terminale internum is formed primarily by...
outer pial layer
109
What is the space found between the pia and the blood vessel.
perivascular space
110
collection of blood between the skull and the periosteal dura
epidural hematoma
111
collection of blood between meningeal dura and arachnoid
subdural hematoma
112
What is the symptom of a non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage?
worst headache of my life
113
Approximately ___ ml of blood is perfused through the brain each minute?
800 ml
114
80% of stroke cases patients have already reported signs of....
TIA's
115
What brain arteries are the most commonly reported sites for strokes?
middle cerebral artery
116
What arteries supply the majority of blood to the brain?
internal carotid arteries
117
the most common brain anomalies involve what artery?
anterior communicating artery
118
What is the most stable side of the cerebral arterial circle ?
left internal carotid artery
119
What does the anterior cerebral blood vessel distribution supply?
frontal & longitudinal fissure and parietal & frontal lobe
120
What does the middle cerebral blood vessel distribution supply?
lateral aspect of all 4 lobes
121
What does the posterior cerebral blood vessel pattern supply?
occipital and medial temporal lobes
122
What small artery sends nearly 200 branches into the ventral aspect of the cord?
Anteromedial Longitudinal Artery Trunk (AMLAT)
123
How do the PLLAT and AMLAT enter the various vertebral levels?
via the IVF
124
What vessels supply the most blood to the cord?
AMLAT and PLLAT
125
What are the few areas of the cord that are particularly vulnerable due to minimal anastosomoses between vessels?
posterior surface of T1-3 and anterior surface near T4 and L1.
126
Veins lack valves with the exception of which one?
vasa vasorum
127
Are extremely dense capillary beds found in either gray or white matter?
gray matter
128
How much blood is normally present in the brain?
75 ml
129
What is the most common capillary type?
continuous capillary
130
Name 1 of 6 specialized areas of the CNS are not in continuous / in tact with BBB?
pineal body, infundibular stalk, choroid plexus, supraoptic crest, area postrema, and subfornical organ
131
Name a substance that can cross the BBB.
caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, nicotene, vitamin B6&12, & L-Dopa
132
Name a substance that does not cross the BBB.
dopamine and botox
133
Do venules and veins of the CNS follow the same course the arteries and arterioles follow?
no
134
Most cerebral veins penetrate the ____ and ___ to drain into the dural venous sinuses.
arachnoid mater and meningeal dura
135
many dural venous sinues reveive blood from the scalp via ___ and surrounding bone via ____.
emissary veins
| diploic veins
136
Vault drainage of dural venous sinus blood is in the Rt. or Lt. _____ veins at the jugular foramina.
internal jugular
137
What is the path of blood flow through the dural venous sinus?
```
[DOWN AND TO THE RIGHT]
Superior Sagital D.V.S.
Confluence of Sinuses
Transverse D.V.S.
Sigmoid DVS
```
138
Most blood in this sinus flows into the right transverse dural venous sinus after passing through the ....
confluens sinuum
139
Most used CSF in the subarachnoid space enters the DVS through penetrating...
arachnoid villi
140
The inferior sagital dvs runs along the posterior 2/3 of the....
falx cerebri
141
Middle ear veins penetrate into the vault and drain into the ____ sinus.
superior petrosal sinuses
142
How does the 3rd ventricle connect to the 4th ventricle?
via cerebral aquaduct
143
What are the 5 openings of the 4th ventricle?
```
cerebral aquaduct
central canal
median foramen
right lateral foramen
left lateral foramen
```
144
name a function of the CSF?
shock absorber and buoyancy
145
At any one moment an individual will have how much CSF in their body?
80-150 ml
