Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomic Pathology > CNS Infections > Flashcards

CNS Infections Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Most common route of spread of CNS infections include?

A

Hematogenous spread (arterial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Routes of spread of CNS infection

A

Hematogenous - (Arterial)
Direct implantation (Traumatic)
Local extension - (Established infection or air sinus)
Axonal transport - (Rabies, herpes zoster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Based on etiology and clinical evolution of illness, infectious meningitis is broadly classified into?

A
  • Acute Pyogenic meningitis (bacterial)
  • Aseptic meningitis (Acute, Subacute Viral)
  • Chronic meningitis (Tuberculosis, spirochetal and cryptococcal )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aseptic (Viral) meningitis is most commonly caused by?

A

Enterovirus causes leptomeningeal inflammation (pain and arachnoid mater)

  • self limiting, low mortality, treat symptomatically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type of inflammatory cells seen in Aseptic meningitis ?

A
  • Lymphocytic infiltration

Clinical manifestation: Fever, meningioma irritation, depressed consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of Acute purulent meningitis in NEONATES ?

A

Neonates;
*Group B strep, E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of Acute purulent meningitis in Infants and children?

A
  • Streptococcus Pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae (reduced with immunization)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of Acute purulent meningitis in Adolecents and young adults ?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes of Acute purulent Meningitis in Elderly?

A
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Microscopic view of Acute purulent meningitis ??

A

Neutrophilic infiltration of the leptomeninges, extending variably to the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gross findings in Acute purulent meningitis?

A
  • Opaque Leptomeninges
  • Engorged meninges vessels
  • Purulent exudates
  • Diffused cerebral edema: Flattened and widened gyri with narrowed sulcus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical presentation of Acute purulent meningitis?

A

Headache
Fever
Nuchal rigidity
photophobia
Irritability
Cloudy sensorium
Coma and death
Sequelae due to purulent exudate and fibrosis
- Hydrocephalus and cranial nerve impairment (neural deafness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bacteria with affinity for the base of the brain?

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Cryptococcus species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mycobacteria meningoencephalitis is caused by??

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Atypical bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mycobacteria meningoencephalitis features

A
  • usually involves the basal surface of the brain
  • tuberculoma within the brain and dura mater
  • common in aids patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which microbacterium is associated with AIDS Patients?

A

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal CSF values in humans?

A

WBCs - < 5 lymphocytes cells
/uL
Glucose - 45-85 ug/dL (50 -70% glycemia)
Proteins - 15 - 45 mg/dl
Pressure - 70 - 80mmH20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CSF findings in Bacterial meningitis

A

WBCs - up to 90,000 neutrophils cells/uL
Glucose- < 45ug/dL (Decreased)
Proteins - > 50 mg/dL (increased)
Pressure - markedly elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CSF findings in Aseptic (viral) meningitis

A

WBCs - 100 - 1000cells/uL (lymphocytes)
Glucose - 45 - 85 ug/dL (Normal)
Protein - > 50mg/dL (increased)
Pressure - slightly elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cSF findings in Granulomatous meningitis (mycobacterial/fungal)

A

WBCs -100 - 1000 cells/uL
Glucose - < 45ug/dL (decreased)
Protein - > 50mg/dL
Pressure - moderately elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Protein is normal is one what type of meningitis ?

A

Aseptic (viral meningitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Common features of Viral encephalitides ?

A
  • Perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes
  • Microglial nodules
  • Neuron loss
  • Neuronophagia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Specific forms of viral encephalitides ?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Arthropod borne
  • Herpes simplex type 1 - hemorrhagic necrosis
  • Rabies - Negri bodies
  • HIV
  • Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy
24
Q

Negri bodies are found in purkinje and and hippocampal of what form of viral encephalitides?

25
Cowdry bodies are seen where?
In **Herpes simplex type 1**; They are **hemorrhagic necrosis** of the temporal lobes
26
Arthropod born viral encephalitides?
- St Louis - California - Eastern and western equine - Venezuelan
27
The diagnostic histologic findings in rabies?
**Negri bodies** in a purkinje or hippocampal cell
28
What part of the brain is involved in HIV and what complex does it form?
Cerebral involvement - **AID-Demetia complex**
29
Histopathology of HIV encephalitides ?
**Microglial nodules** and diagnostic **Myltinucleated giant cells**
30
Spinal involvement in HIV leads to ?
**Vascular myelopathy** (Similar to VB12 deficiency - associated with subacute combined degeneration)
31
What virus is associated with **Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pML)** ?
- Related to **JC virus** - A polyomavirus - causes pML in immunocompromised patients (especially AIDS)
32
PML histopathology ?
- **Demyelination** - lymphohistiocytic infiltrates - Astrogliosis (bizarre shaped Astrocytes) - oligodendrocytes (enlarged intranuclear inclusions)
33
Subacute Sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare complication of?
Measles (Rubeola) virus infection *persistent immune resistant measles virus causes slow-virus encephalitis* *A child who had measles before age 2* * 6-15yrs later, presents with progressing mental deterioration with siezures* *fatal in 1-2 years once it develops*
34
Most frequent agents causing Fungal meningoencephalitides?
- Candida - Aspergillous - Cryptococcus - Mucor species ***Aspergillus** and **mucor** have a marked tropism for **blood vessels*** (Vasculitis, hemorrhage)
35
Cryptococcus cause what type of CNS pathology ?
**Diffuse meningoencephalitis**; invasion of the brain through **virchow-robin space** and **soap-bubble lesions**
36
Soap-bubbles lesions are associated with what type of infection?
Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis
37
Infections frequent in aids patient??
- pML - Toxoplasmosis
38
Characteristic findings in toxoplasmosis ?
**Central abscess** with **central necrosis** and **chronic inflammation**
39
Neurosyphilis is a manifestation of what stage of syphilis ??
- **Tertiary syphilis** - 10% of individuals with untreated syphilis
40
Major pattern of CNS involvement in neurosyphilis are;
1) Meningovascular neuropsyphilis 2) paretic neurosyphilis 3) Tabes dorsalis
41
Meningo-vascular neurosyphilis is associated with ?
- Obliterating endarteritis - heubner arteritis - perivascular plasma lymphocytic infiltrates - **cerebral gummas**
42
**General paresis of the insane** is associated with what pattern of neurosyphilis ?
- **Paretic neurosyphilis** *insidious but progressive of grandeur that terminate in severe dementia*
43
Paretic neurosyphilisostly affects what part of the cerebral cortex?
The frontal lobe - loss of neurons - proliferation of microglia - gliosis - iron deposits
44
What structures are damaged in tabes dorsalis ?
Damage to the **sensory axons or the dorsal roots** **Microscopy:** Loss of both axons and myelin in the dorsal roots, pallor and atrophy in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. - locomotor ataxia: impaired joint position sense and ataxia - Charcot joints: loss of pain sensation leading to skin and joint damage - Lightening pain - Absent deep tendon reflexes
45
Predisposing factors to cerebral abscess?
- Acute bacterial endocarditis - Cyanotic’ heart disease - Chronic pulmonary abscess - Mastoiditis, paranasal sinusitis, acute otitis, open fracture, previous neurosurgery
46
MRI/CT appearance of cerebral abscess ?
**Ring enhancing lesion** *signs of increased intracranial pressure*
47
Examples of a prion disease?
- **Cruetz feldt Jakob disease (CJD)** - **Kuru disease** - scrapie (sheep is host) - Gerst Mann straussler disease - Fatal familial insomnia
48
CRuetZfeldt Jakob disease results in what change ?
**Spongiform change** *fine vacuolization of the neutrophil in the gray mater (especially cortex)* ***Large membrane bound vacuoles within the neuronal processes*** *Associated with neuronal loss and astrogliosis*
49
What are Kuru plaques ?
Deposits of amyloid of altered prp proteins. Seen using PAS stain
50
ECG changes in CJD?
Bilateral synchronous periodic epileptiform discharges (BIPEDs)? - Death withing 6-12 months - genetic predisposition
51
Memory loss with Startle myoclonus is associated with what prion disease?
CJD
52
Prion disease are generally associated with what CNS disease ?
**Subacute spongiform encephalopathy SSE**
53
What grieve is associated with kuru disease?
**New Guine**; consuming infected cattle brains
54
Scrapie is gotten from?
**Sheep**, scrapping their wool off on fences
55
Characteristic findings in several CNS infections
1) **Viral encephalitis** - Microglial modules, perivascular cuffs, neuronal loss, neuronophagia 2) **Rabies** - Negri bodies 3) **HIV** - Microglial nodules with multinucleated giant cells 4) **Neurosyphilis** - cerebral gummers 5) Cryptoccocus, aspergillosis and candida in **Fungal meningoencephalitides** - bubble lessions 6) **JC virus** in **PML** - Demyelination, lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, astrogliosis and oligodendroglial inclusions 7) **CRuetZfeldt Jakob disease** **prion** - Subacute spongiform encephalopathy (SSE) 8) **Rubeola virus**; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) 9) **Cerebral abscess**; Ring enhancing lesions on MRI 10) **Toxoplasmosis** - ring enhancing lesion 11) **Herpes simplex virus 1** - *Cowdry bodies* Hemorrhagic necrosis of temporal lobes. 12) Polo virus - affects the anterior horn

Anatomic Pathology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions