CNS Pathologies 2 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Juvenile PD
<20
Young onset PD
20-40
May lower risk of PD
Smoking, coffee and tea drinking, and high level of exs may lower the risk
BG Functional Pathways
Eye movements
cognitive functions
emotional functions
movement control
Parkinsons
Symtpoms will appear _______
Presence of _______
after 70-80% of nigral neurons and dopamine are lost
lewy body
Cardinal Signs of PD
Tremor
Starts in one UE (70-80%)
Obvious at rest
Rigidity
Affects agonist and antagonist muscles
Identified by passive ROM
Akinesia (disorder of movement initiation) or Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
Postural instabilities and high risk of fall
PD Initial Signs
Unilateral tremor and vague clumsiness of a hand
Asymmetric gait
Reduced blinking
Decrease in or lack of arm swing
PD Clinical Manifestations
Olfactory dysfunction
Microagraphia
Dysphagia
Visual perception dysfunction
Masked face (hypomimia)
Abnormal eye movements
Depression or flat affect
Myerson’s sign: inability to suppress blinking
PD Later stages
Cognitive dysfunction
Bradyphrenia: slowness in responding to questions
Memory dysfunction
Dementia
PD Treatment
Maintain functional mobility and activities of daily living
Improve quality of life
Medications (Levadopa and Carbidopa)
PD Positive Prognostic Factor
tremor as a presenting symptom
PD Negatvie Prognostic Factors
Older age at onset
Rigidity/hypokinesia as initial symptom
Male gender
Presence of associated comorbidities
what produces myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
Myelin sheath in CNS
oligodendrocytes
MS affects the myelin sheath in the
CNS
MS Incidence
Women > men
Between ages of 20-50 y
Cause is unknow but is linked with
Infection
Genetics
Environmental factors
Coexisting autoimmune disorders are seen with MS
Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS)
Lacks clinical manifestations but demonstrates abnormal imaging
Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)
Involves a clinical attack but may/may not be diagnosed as MS depending on dissemination
Relapsing-remitting MS
most common
85% of cases
MS Clinical Manifestations
Progressive disability - varies widely
Visual changes
Sensory changes
Fatigue
Sleep dysfunction
Spasticity
Weakness
Eye movement abnormalities
Balance problems
MS Treatment
Treat exacerbation – corticosteroids
Manage the symptoms – muscle relaxers, e.g., baclofen
Maintain emotional and mental health
MS Positive Prognostic Factors
Sensory symptoms
Infrequent attacks
Full neurologic recovery after a relapse
Low level of disability after 5-7 years
MS Negative Prognostic Factors
Motor and cerebellar symptoms
Disability after the 1st attack
Short time interval between attacks
Numerous relapses within the 1st year
