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CNS Pharmacology Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Forebrain

A 
Cerebrum 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala 
Hippocampus
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2
Q

Midbrain

A

Midbrain

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3
Q

Hindbrain

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata

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4
Q

Chemical synaptic transmission: excitation

A

INCREASES probability that neuron membrane potential reaches threshold and fires action potential.

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5
Q

Chemical synaptic transmission: inhibition

A

DECREASES probability that neuron membrane potential reaches threshold and fires action potential.

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6
Q

Fast neurotransmitters (NT’s)

A

Voltage gated

Ligand gated

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7
Q

Slow Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Receptor–>G-protein–> + Ion channel

2. Receptor–>G-protein–>2nd messenger–> enzyme–> diffusible messenger–> +ion channel

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8
Q

NT class: Amino Acids

A

Excitatory: Glutamate
Inhibitory: GABA and Glycine

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9
Q

Classes of NT’s: biogenic AMINES

A

ACh
Catecholamines: NE and Dopa
Serotonin
Histamine

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10
Q

Classes of NT’s: Purines

A

ATP

Adenosine

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11
Q

Classes of NT’s: Neuropeptides

A

Endorphins

Substance P

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12
Q

Classes of NT’s: NO and Endocannabinoids (anandamide)

A

Not stored in synaptic vesicles

Generated in response to increases in intracellular Ca and freely diffuse out neurons

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13
Q

Antagonist: compensation

A

Upregulation
SENSITIZATION
Ex: chronic antipsychotics (block dopa) induce production of more dopamine receptors=hyperkinetic D.O.
Delayed onset of therapeutic effects

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14
Q

Agonist compensation

A

Down regulation
DESENSITIZATION
Delayed onset of therapeutic effects of antideprssants which block 5-HT uptake

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15
Q

Mechanisms of receptor desensitization:

A

Receptor Phosphorylation
Receptor Internalization
Receptor Down-regulation: decrease expression of that receptor

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16
Q

Glutamate

A

Major UBIQUITOUS excitatory NT

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17
Q

Glutamate’s role in learning and Memory Function

A

Memories stored by enhancing Gluta-synaptic transmission via LTP.
Requires sufficient Ca influx through NMDA receptors.

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18
Q

Glutamate’s role in Epilepsy

A

Imbalance in excitation and inhibition

Some anti-epileptics block glutamate receptors

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19
Q

Glutamate and Excitotoxicity

A

Excessive stimulation–> excessive Ca influx–> neuronal damage–> neurodegeneration
Stroke, ALS, MS

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20
Q

Glutamate and Dissociative anesthesia

A

I.E. catatonia, amnesia, analgesia

Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors

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21
Q

Glutamate and Drug abuse

A

PCP in NMDA receptor antagonist

Reducing NMDA receptor activity can cause HALLUCINATIONS

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22
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory NT

2 groups of neurons: interneurons and projecting neurons

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23
Q

Interneurons of GABA

A

Local circuit neurons: neocortex, thalamus, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord

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24
Q

Projecting neurons of GABA:

Striatum–>globus pallidus–>thalamus/subs nigra

Study These Flashcards
A

Loss of these in HUNTINGTONs chorea

25
Projecting neurons of GABA
Septum--> Hippocampus | Substantia nigra--> thalamus/superior colliculus
26
Projecting neurons of GABA that promote sleep
Ventrolateral preoptic area-->nuclei of reticular activating system (RAS)
27
2 types of GABA receptors
GABA(a) | GABA (b)
28
GABA(a) functions
Fast inhibitory transmission: 1. INcrease in Cl channel hyperpolarization 2. Decrease membrane resistance 3. Modulatory sites for: benzo's and barbiturates
29
GABA(b) functions
Slow inhibitory transmission: | Baclofen is a GABA(b) agonist and reduces mm spasms by INCREASING inhibition in spinal cord.
30
Clinical importance of GABA: all drugs stimulating GABA cause an increase in Cl influx
Epilepsy (benzo's and barbiturates) Anxiety D.O. Insomnia Agitation
31
RAS:
GABA from VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic nc) INHIBITS RAS. | Orexin neruons EXCITE RAS
32
Cholinergic Neurons in CNS
Interneurons: neocortex, striatum, hippocampus Projecting: brain stem to thalamus, basal forebrain to neocortex, hippo, and amygdala; peripheral neurons (autonomic, motor)
33
Adenosine and forebrain
Affects basal forebrain constellation of cholinergic neurons including basal nc of Meynert
34
2 cholinergic receptor types:
Nicotinic: fast Muscarinic: slow
35
Clinical importance of Cholinergic receptors:
Modulates: sleep-wake cycle, arousal, attention Parkinsonism Memory
36
Parkinsonism and cholinergic neurons
Muscarinic receptors oppose dopamine effects in striatum. | Loss of dopa neurons=striatal imbalance, corrected by increasing dopa or reducing muscarinic activity
37
Memory and cholinergic neurons
Alzheimers: loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons Antimuscarinic induced delirium Mutations in nicotinic channels: Autosomal dominant frontal lobe nocturnal epilepsy; congenital myasthenic syndromes
38
Norepinephrine
Projecting brainstem neurons in: Locus coeruleus to neocortex, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord--> attention and arousal Tegmental region of Reticular formation to hypothalamus, basal forebrain, spinal cord--> autonomic and endocrine regulation.
39
Clinical importance of NE
1. Arousal, attention, sleep cycles: LC efferents 2. ADHD and Narcolepsy treated w/amphetamine-like compounds 3. Cognition: NE enhances memory formation. 4. Some TCA's like amitriptyline block reuptake of NE 5. Adrenergic stimulation of hypothalamus decreases appetite. 6. Pain perception (spinal cord): NE excites enkephalin producing interneurons in spinal cord to inhibit pain transmission during stress response.
40
Serotonin: 5HT
Released by projecting neurons from 2 different raphe nuclei: 1. RN to neocortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, striatum. 2. RN to brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord
41
5HT receptors
Different actions: 14 different subtypes
42
Clinical importance of 5HT
1. Depression: SSRI's 2. Panic D.O.: SSRI's 3. OCD: SSRI's 4. Migraine: agonists like sumatriptan, presynaptic meds block release of vasodilators, postsynaptic ones cause DIRECT vasoconstriction*** 5. Chemotherapy induced emesis: 5HT3 receptors in area postrema (medulla): block w/odansetron 6. Pain perception by spinal cord: serotonin from PT's stimulate pain sensory nn endings; serotonergic nn stimulate encephalin neruons in spinal cord. 7. Schizo: atypical antipsychotics block 5ht2 8. LSD: 5 ht agonist
43
Dopamine's tuberoinfundibular pathway
From hypothalamus to pituitary: regulate prolactin synthesis and release
44
Dopamine nigrostriatal pathway
From substantia nigra to striatum: regulate motor planning and execution
45
Dopamine mesolimbic pathway
From ventral tegmental area (VTA) to Nucleu Accumbens: regulates goal directed and reward behavior
46
Dopamine mesocortical pathways
From the VTA to neocortex
47
Dopamine in Parkinson's disease:
Neurodegeneration of DA neurons in SN: relative loss of dopaminergic activity in nigrostriatal pathways: hypokinetic
48
Dopamine in Huntington's Chorea:
Neurodegeneration of striatal GABAergic neurons: relative excess of dopaminergic activity in nigrostriatal pathway: HYPERkinetic
49
Dopamine in Schizophrenia
Relative excess of activity in mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways. Extrapyramidal side effects from Antipsychotics.
50
Dopamine in Drug Addiction
Increase of dopamine in mesolimbic pathway
51
Dopamine in hyperprolactinemia
Dopamine inhibits prolactin
52
Histamine
Posterior hypothalamus--> CNS Regulation of arousal Many drugs block it=sedation
53
Opioid peptides
Regulate pain pathways at spinal and supraspinal levels | Clinically: Agonists (morphine) analgesic, important addiction drugs
54
Role of tissue damage
releases many compounds which enhance nociceptive transmission to dorsal horn of spinal cord.
55
What do enkephalins do?
inhibit pain transmission in dorsal horn by inhibiting release of glutamate and substance P from C fibers and stimulation of K+ channels on projection neurons.
56
Enkephalin 2:
Enkephalin or morphine | inhibits presynaptic release of glutamate and substance P and postsynaptic increase K+
57
Adenosine receptors
ATP, co-transmitter Metabolized to adenosine upon release Clinically: Xanthines block adenosine receptors producing arousal.
58
Endocannabinoids
Cannabinoid (CB) Receptors: G-protein coupled receptors Derived from arachidonic acid Reuptake pump and intracellular degradation Often located on axon terminals: stimulation inhibits neurotransmitter release.
59
Endocannabinoids:
``` Modulation of: Pain control of movement regulation of body temperature Emesis Appetite learning and memory cognition and neuroendocrine control ```

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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