CNS physiology Flashcards by Erin Tarrant

Give examples of neuroglial cells

Astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
schwann cells
microglia
ependymal

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What is the function of astrocytes

Modulate neuronal activity
maintain tight BBB junctions
communicate with other neurons
forms grey matter
maintains ions in extracellular environment

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What nervous system are the oligodendrocytes in

Central

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What nervous system are the schwann cells in

Peripheral

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What is the function of the oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

form the myelin sheath of neurons
to increase nerve conductance

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What is the function of the microglia

Immune cells
release cytokines
repairs damaged nrurons

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What is the function of the ependymal cells

secrete CSF

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What is in grey matter

Covers outside of the brain
contains astrocytes and neurons

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What is in the white matter

Oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
create the myelin sheath

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Where is the diencephalon located in the brain

frontal lobe

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What 3 parts make up the diencephalon

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
limbic system

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What is the role of the thalamus

relays motor movement

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What is the role of the hypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis

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What is the role of the limbic system

Emotional regulation

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What are the 4 components that makes up the brain stem

Medulla oblongata
Mid-brain
relay centre
Reticular formation

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What is the role of the medulla oblongata

Involuntary reflexes
heart
breathing

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what is the role of the mid-brain/ basal ganglia

contains substantia nigra
involved in motor control

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What is the role of the relay centre

information processing

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What is the role of the reticular formation

integrates information from periphery to central ns
filters out unwanted information

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What is the role of the parietal lobe

Percieves the meaningfulness of the information that has been processed

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Whats the difference between the temporal and the occipital lobe

Temporal –> Audiotory
Occipital –> Visual

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Whats the role of the cerebellum

Involved in sensory information
involved in planning movement

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What part of the brain secretes hormones from the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

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What is the hippocampus involved in

Memory

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What receptors are involved in somatosensory cprtex

Mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors

Where is the somatosensory cortex located

Cerebral cortex Parietal lobe

What 2 precursoers can be synthesised to glutamate

Glutamine Alpha-ketoglutarate

What enzyme converts glutamine to glutamate

Glutaminase

What is the enzyme that converts alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamine

GABA-transaminase

What transporter vesicle transports glutamate out the synapse

VGLUT

What transporter takes glutamate up back to the synapse or astrocytes

EEAT Excitatory amino acid transporter

What transporter takes glutamine from astrocytes back to the synapse

glnT Glutamine transporter

What is exchanged for glutamate in Vglut transporters

H+ ions

What converts glutamate to glutamine in glial cells

Glutamine synthase

What are the 3 ionotropic receptors

NMDA AMPA Kainate

What si the structure of the NMDA receptor

7 subunits tetrameric complex

What ion are NMDA receptors highly permeable to

Ca2+

What ion blocks NMDA receptor

Mg2+ at resting membrane potential

What 2 molecules are required for NMDA activation

Glutamate and glycine

How many transmembrane alpha-helical domains are there in NMDA receptor

What is the structure of an AMPA receptor

Homo and heteromeric

What AMPA means it will have increased permability to calcium

GLUA2

What is the structure of metabotropic receptors

GPCR 7 transmembrane domains

What bonds link the metabotropic domains

Disulfide bonds

What are the 3 types of metabotropic receptors

Group 1 --> G alpha Q Group 2 and 3 --> G alpha i

What group of metabotropic receptor induce an excitability response

Group 1 G alpha Q

Explain how NMDA and AMPA receptors work together

Glutamate binds to both NMDA cant open due to Mg2+ block AMPA depolarises membrane Mg2+ block relieved by this NMDA allows Ca2+ through

What happens when Ca2+ enters the cell through NMDA receptor

Allows phosphorylation of AMPA increased AMPA expression Increased neuronal conductance an transmission

What is the difference in speed of current of depolarisation of NMDA and AMPA

NMDA --> slow release AMPA --> fast release

What is a consequence of high glutamate concentrations

Excitotoxicity neuronal cell death

What causes excitotoxicity

Overload of glutamate and the NMDA receptor too much Ca2+ in the cell

How is the Na+/Ca2+ involved in neuronal excitotoxicity

Allows Ca2+ into the cell depolarisation of cell Ca2+ released into endoplasmic reticulum

What is the role of mitochondria in neuronal excitability

Keeps calcium levels under control

What happens to the mitochondria in too much Ca2+ overload

Mitochondrial overload Releases ROS causes oxidative stress causes neuronal cell death

What are the 4 consequences of increased Ca2+ in the cell

Increased glutamate = cause membrane damage ROS formed = disrupts DNA Inflammatory cytokines = neuroinflammation Enzyme activation = degrade cell structure

How is glutamate synthesised to GABA

GAD Glutamic acid decarboxylase

What transporter takes GABA up from the synapse or into astrocytes

GAT1

What transporter takes degraded GABA back to the synapse

GAT3

What are the 2 types of GABA receptord

A and B

What type of receptors are GABAa and GABAb

GABAa --> iniotropic GABAb --> GPCRs

What ions are GABAa receptors selective for

Cl- ions

What happens to the mwmbrane potential when Cl- ions enter

Hyperpolarisation

What happens when a neuron becomes hypoerpolarised

Less likely to fire action potentials and transmit signals

What is the structure of the GABAa receptor

4 trasmembrane domains

Where do GABAb receptors reduce neurotransmitters

Pre-synaptic terminal

What are the 5 binding sites on GABAa receptors

receptir site benzodiazapine site modulatory site steroid site picrotoxin site

What is the effect of benzodiazapines on GABA receptors

enhances effect

What GPCR pathway do GABAb receptod take

G alpha i

What is the precursor of 5-HT

Tryptophan

What vesicles load 5-HT into vesicles in the pre-synaptic terminals

VMAT

What transporter reuptakes 5-HT

SERT

What types of 5-HT receptors aee GPCR

1 2 4

What 5-HT receptor is a ligand gated ion channel

What GPCR pathway does 5-HT1 receptors take

G alpha i

What GPCR pathway does 5-HT2 receptors take

G alpha q

What GPCR pathway does 5-HT4 receptors take

G alpha s

CNS physiology Flashcards

(76 cards)