CNS Primer Questions Section 1

Question 1

Examples of dietary nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include:

Amino Acids
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
Monosaccharides
Long-Chain Fatty Acids

Answer 1

Long-Chain Fatty Acids

Question 2

The hormone responsible for the decrease in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy is:

Estrogen
Progesterone
Placental Lactogen
Human Chorionic Ghonadotropin

Answer 2

Progesterone

Question 3

The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in the serum concentration of:

Chylomicrons
Low-Density Lipoproteins
High-Density Lipoproteins
Micelles

Answer 3

Choylomicrons

Question 4

The product of enterokinase reactions is:

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Pepsin
Carboxypeptidase

Answer 4

Trypsin

Question 5

Most iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier:

Heme
Ferritin
Transferrin
Albumin

Answer 5

Transferrin

Question 6

The organs most active in the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol are the liver and the:

Gallbladder
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Intestinal Mucosa

Answer 6

Intestinal Mucosa

Question 7

Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is:

Absorbed in the small intestine
Absorbed in the large intestine
A nonabsorbable laxative
Not found in the human diet

Answer 7

A nonabsorbable laxative

Question 8

Digested dietary protein is absorbed primarily in the:

Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Answer 8

Jejunum

Question 9

Monosaccharides are transported across the placenta from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation by the process of:

Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Pinocytosis

Answer 9

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 10

If a bolus containing 600 mOsm/L enters the jejunum, the net direction of fluid movement in the intestinal tract will be:

From the intestinal lumen to the circulation
From the circulation to the intestinal lumen
Longitudinally along the mucosal basement membrane
From the circulation to the lymphoid system

Answer 10

From the circulation to the intestinal lumen

Question 11

Excessive production of gas within the intestines may be caused by excessive colonic bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed:

Gluten
Small Peptides
Lignin
Carbohydrates

Answer 11

Carbohydrates

Question 12

A major intracellular antioxidant is the nutrient:

Vitamin A
Thiamin
Glutathione
Ascorbic Acid

Answer 12

Glutathione

Question 13

A required prerequisite to the digestion of proteins is the HCL-dependent process called:

Hydrolysis
Evaporation
Denaturation
Distillation

Answer 13

Denaturation

Question 14

The true digestibility of dietary fatty acids is:

65%-75%
75%-85%
85%-95%
> 95%

Answer 14

> 95%

Question 15

The structures of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid differ in their:

Chain lengths
Double bond positions
Numbers of double bonds
Side chain moieties

Answer 15

Numbers of double bonds

Question 16

An example of a compound that is not considered to be a component of dietary fiber is:

Pectin
Hemicellulose
Amylose
Cellulose

Answer 16

Amylose

Question 17

Dietary fats and oils primarily are composed of:

Triglycerides
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 17

Triglycerides

Question 18

A nutrient is considered to be conditionally essential when:

It cannot be replaced by a metabolic precursor
It is malabsorbed
Its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs
It requires a second essential nutrient to be effective

Answer 18

Its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs

Question 19

Vitamin reserves can become depleted because all vitamins are:

Synthesized inefficiently
Essential nutrients
Metabolized quickly
Excreted rapidly

Answer 19

Essential nutrients

Question 20

The process of adding a nutrient to manufactured foods as a public health measure is called:

Restoration
Enrichment
Fortification
Supplementation

Answer 20

Fortification

Question 21

Food additives can be used:

As effective preservatives
Without restriction
To compensate for improper processing practices
Without risk

Answer 21

As effective preservatives

Question 22

Nutrification is the:

Addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group
Specific addition of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron to white flour
Structural modification of complex carbohydrates
Addition of at least 25% of the RDA of a nutrient to a food product that has been designed to replace a meal or food item

Answer 22

Addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group

Question 23

Ketones result from the metabolism of:

Fatty Acids
Simple Sugars
Amino Acids
Complex Carbohydrates

Answer 23

Fatty Acids

Question 24

The plasmalemma does not incorporate:

Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

Answer 24

Vitamin A

Question 25

The failure of a tissue or organ to develop properly is called: Neoplasia Aplasia Hyperplasia Atrophy

Answer 25

Aplasia

Question 26

Glutamine is the primary energy source for the: Liver Heart Small Intestine Brain

Answer 26

Small Intestine

Question 27

The metabolic effects of insulin include stimulation of: Adipocyte secretion of non-esterified fatty acids Myocyte amino acid uptake Hepatocyte gluconeogenisis Myocyte glycogenesis

Answer 27

Myocyte amino acid uptake

Question 28

The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is: Hyperostosis Osteoporosis Rickets Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 28

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Question 29

Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to: Lipoproteins Phospholipids Fecal Fat Bile Acids

Answer 29

Bile Acids

Question 30

Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid: Alanine Valine Methionine Tyrosine

Answer 30

Valine

Question 31

Copper is a component of: Alkaline phosphatase Glycosyl Transferase Ceruloplasmin Glucose Tolerance Factor

Answer 31

Ceruloplasmin

Question 32

The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins: Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin B12 Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12 Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin Biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12

Answer 32

Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin

Question 33

The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of: Oxidation of amino acids Synthesis of nonessential amino acids Urinary excretion of amino acids Skeletal collagen metabolism

Answer 33

Oxidation of amino acids

Question 34

During maximal aerobic exercise, the primary energy source is: Fatty Acids Lactate Glycogen Glucose

Answer 34

Fatty Acids

Question 35

A set of 150 observations has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.5. The 95% confidence limits (95% CL) of the mean can be calculated by solving the formula: 95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5) 95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)2/150)]1/2 95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)1/2/150)] 95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5/150)1/2

Answer 35

95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)2/150)]1/2

Question 36

A cross-sectional study compared cardiovascular risk factors and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in 400 sedentary (SED) and 400 resistance trained (RT) young women. The measured RMR (mean ± standard error of the mean) were 4.32 ± 0.06 kJ/min and 3.99 ± 0.05 kJ/min, respectively. The valid interpretation of the RMR data is that: RMRSED and RMRRT are not significantly different (p>0.05) RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly different (p<0.05) RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly correlated (p<0.05) RMR is not affected by resistance training

Answer 36

RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly different (p<0.05)

Question 37

The phrase "p<.05" should be interpreted to mean that: The probability of being correct is >95% The probability of being incorrect is <5% The results are less convincing than if "p" were "<.01" The probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%

Answer 37

The probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%

Question 38

The relationship between 2 correlated variables is: Causal Random Independent Mathematical

Answer 38

Mathematical

Question 39

Meta-analysis is a quantitative approach for systematically combining the results of previous, non-definitive research in order to: Improve the quality of the research data Allow a conclusion to be drawn Identify studies with positive results Improve the power of the research

Answer 39

Allow a conclusion to be drawn

Question 40

The most difficult challenge facing a nutritionist or nutrition counselor is to: Classify individuals Assess nutritional status Motivate behavior modification Recommend solutions

Answer 40

Motivate behavior modification