Coastal Environments

Question 0

Destructive waves

Answer 0

High frequency-10-14 per min
High
Steep
Strong backwash removes material

Question 1

Constructive waves

Answer 1

Low frequency- 6-8 per min
Low
Long
Powerful swash carries deposition

Question 2

Sediment cells

Answer 2

Lengths of coastline that are self contained for movement of sediment. Processes in one cell won’t affect another
There are 11 in the uk

Question 3

Joints

Answer 3

Cracks in rock which are weaknesses

Question 4

Blow holes

Answer 4

Formed when overlying rocks collapse over a cave and is opened up to the sky

Question 5

Formation of bays and headlands

Answer 5

Less resistant rock is attacked first and harder rock remains as headlands

Question 6

Longshore drift

Answer 6

Material moving along a stretch of coastline

Question 7

Backwash

Answer 7

Pulls material straight down a beach

Question 8

Formation of beaches

Answer 8

Deposition- sand most common and pebbles

Formed between bays and headlands as it is sheltered and protects them from big waves and strong currents

Question 9

Salt marshes

Answer 9

Sheltered area behind a spit

Deposition of silt and plant succession may allow salt marsh ecosystem to develop

Question 10

Eustatic change

Answer 10

Global

Global warming-ice age

Question 11

Isostatic changes

Answer 11

Local

Question 12

Effects of rising sea levels

Answer 12

Increased cliff and beach erosion
Coastal flooding
Salt damaging farmland and water supply
Destroys ecosystems and habitats

Question 13

Rias

Answer 13

River valleys partially submerged
Gentle long profiles
Wide and deep at mouth
Narrow and shallow further inland they reach

Question 14

Fjords

Answer 14

Drowned glacial valleys
Straight and narrow
Steep sided
Shallow mouth
Deep further inland they get

Question 15

Submergent

Answer 15

Landforms created by rising sea levels

Question 16

Emergent

Answer 16

Landfall formed from falling sea levels and rise out of water

Question 17

Formation of wave cut platform

Answer 17

Rock above a cave becomes unstable and with nothing to support it, it collapses
Flat surfaces
Visible during low tide

Question 18

Reasons for rising sea levels

Answer 18

Thermal expansion

Global warming

Question 19

Example of area affected by rising sea levels

Answer 19

Thames estuary, London, England

Question 20

Impacts of sea level rising in Thames

Answer 20

By 2100 parts will be submerged
Sixth of population (million) are at risk
Homes will be evacuated
Lives lost to flash floods
Wildlife in estuary extinct

Question 21

Management for Thames

Answer 21

Government increased spending on defenses

The Thames estuary 2100 project aims to save £200 billion worth of property and keep property

Question 22

Thames estuary 2100 project

Answer 22

Move important buildings further back
Works for short and long term
Talking to local people to come up with cost effective solution

Question 23

Groynes

Answer 23

Fences built at right angles to the coast
Trap material transported by longshore drift
Creates wider beaches which slow down waves

Question 24

Advantages of groynes

Answer 24

Cheap | Beaches create protection

Question 25

Disadvantages of groynes

Answer 25

Starve down drift of sediment which leads to thin beaches

Question 26

Sea walls

Answer 26

Wall reflects waves back out to sea | Acts as a barrier

Question 27

Disadvantages of sea walls

Answer 27

Expensive to build and maintain | Creates a strong backwash which erodes under the wall

Question 28

Do nothing

Answer 28

Build no coastal defences and deal with erosion and flooding as it happens

Question 29

Hold the line

Answer 29

Maintain existing defenses

Question 30

Advance the line

Answer 30

Build new defences further out to sea

Question 31

Retreat the line

Answer 31

Build no defences and move people away from Coast

Question 32

Beach nourishment

Answer 32

Where sand and shingle added to beaches to create wider beaches

Question 33

Dune regeneration

Answer 33

Sand dunes are created or restored by either nourishment or stabilisation of sand

Question 34

Creating marshland

Answer 34

Planting vegetation to stabilise sediment and stems and leaves reduce speed of waves and reduces erosive power and how far they reach inland

Question 35

Spring tide

Answer 35

When moon is between earth and sun The gravitational pull creates biggest bulge of water and highest tide Greatest tidal range

Question 36

Neap tide

Answer 36

When earth moon and sun form a right angle and their gravitational pull interfere with each other Smallest tidal range

Question 37

Date of tsunami

Answer 37

December 2004

Question 38

Countries tsunami hit

Answer 38

Indonesia Sri Lanka India

Question 39

Causes of tsunami

Answer 39

Strongest earthquake ever recorded- 9 on the Richter scale | Submarine earthquake in the Indian Ocean

Question 40

Social impacts of the tsunami

Answer 40

230,000 deaths 2 million made homeless Drinking water became polluted 400,000 lost their jobs

Question 41

Economic impacts of the tsunami

Answer 41

Cost of damage- $15 billion Salinisation reduced soil fertility and crop production Tourism dropped as it took 6 months to repair hotels

Question 42

Environmental impacts of tsunami

Answer 42

8 million litres of oil releases into environment leading to pollution and contamination of soil Mangrove forests destroyed by force of waves

Question 43

How did human activity increase impact of tsunami?

Answer 43

Deforestation of soil for tourist development meant nothing to absorb wave energy Illegal coral mining meant coral reefs couldn't act as breakwater

Question 44

Location of holderness

Answer 44

East Yorkshire Stretches from flam borough had to spurn head

Question 45

Reason for erosion in holderness

Answer 45

Cliffs made of boulder clay which is easily eroded and prone to slumping when wet Narrow beaches due to various defenses which starve them from sediment Powerful waves due to dominant wind direction and long fetch from arctic ocean

Question 46

Impacts of erosion in holderness

Answer 46

£2 million spent on sea defenses Visitor numbers dropped by 30% since 1990s = businesses have suffered Caravan parks loosing up to 10 pitches a year Property prices fallen so people can't afford to move away 30 villages have been lost since roman times

Question 47

Management in Bridlington

Answer 47

Sea wall

Question 48

Management in mappleton

Answer 48

Timber groynes and revetments

Question 49

Management in Hornsea

Answer 49

Gabions

Question 50

Management at easington gas terminal

Answer 50

Revetments

Question 51

Problems with management schemes in holderness

Answer 51

Caused problems down drift The groynes starve the beaches of sediment leading to narrower beaches... Lead to formation of bays which are expensive to maintain

Question 52

Problems in blackwater estuary

Answer 52

2m of land lost to sea level ever year

Question 53

Defences used tollesbury fleet

Answer 53

Sea realignment

Question 54

Defences used in Ray creek

Answer 54

Beach nourishment

Question 55

Defences used in Mersea Island

Answer 55

Marsh stabilisation

Question 56

Why was soft engineering along blackwater estuary more sustainable than hard?

Answer 56

Hard would have cost £600,000 Marsh is self repairing and lasts longer than hard Creates habitats for wildlife