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Coastal Landscape Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What shapes the coastline

A

Different physical processes of weathering,mass movement and erosion

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2
Q

What are 3 types of weathering

A
  • Chemical
  • Biological
  • Mechanical
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3
Q

What is mass movement

A

The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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4
Q

Types of mass movement vary according to…

A
  • Material involved
  • Amount of water in the material
  • Type of movement, e.g. sliding, slumping
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5
Q

Define Abrasion

A

Breaking waves throw sand, pebbles and boulders against the coast during storms

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6
Q

Define Hydraulic Action

A

The sheer weight and impact of water against the coastline, particularly during a storm ,erodes the coast. Also waves compress air in joints in rocks, forcing them apart

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7
Q

Define Attrition

A

Rocks and pebbles carried by waves rub together and break into smaller pieces

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8
Q

Define Solution

A

The chemical action of seawater dissolves some rocks

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9
Q

When does sliding happen

A

When loosened rocks and soil suddenly slide down the slope. Blocks of material may all slide at once

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10
Q

What is Longshore Drift

A

The process by which beach sediment can be transported along the coast by waves.

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11
Q

Define Traction

A

Large boulders are rolled along the seabed by waves

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12
Q

Define saltation

A

Smaller stones are bounced along the seabed

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13
Q

Define suspension

A

Sand and small particles are carried along in the flow

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14
Q

Define sloution

A

Some minerals are dissolved in seawater and carried along in the flow

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15
Q

The load carried by _ is deposited by _ waves

A

Waves

Constructive

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16
Q

What factors influence depositaton

A
  • Sheltered spots (e.g. bays)
  • Calm conditions
  • Gentle gradient offshore causing friction. All reduce the wave’s energy
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17
Q

What type of rock is eiser to erode

A

Soft such as clay

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18
Q

What type of rocks makes it so that the cliff will be less rugged and less steep

A

Soft such as clay

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19
Q

What type of rocks makes up bays

A

Soft such as clay

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20
Q

What type of erosion are hard rocks resistant to

A

All types

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21
Q

What type of rock causes cliffs to be high, steep and rugged

A

Hard rocks such as granite

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22
Q

What type of rock makes up wave-cut platforms

A

Hard rocks such as granite

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23
Q

What is a concordinate coast

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A

A coast made up of the same rock type

24
Q

What is a discordiant coast

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A

A coast where the rock type alernates, forming headlands and bays

25
What is a joint and a fault
Smaller cracks; faults are larger
26
Are joints and faults prone to erosion
Yes
27
What is a destructive wave
A wave where the swash is weak and the backwash is strong. Material is dragged into the sea, eroding the coast. Destructive waves have high energy, and occur in stormy conditions
28
What is a constructive wave
A wave where material is deposited, building up the coast. Constructive waves have lower energy and occur in calm conditions
29
How do different seasons impact coastal erosion in the UK.
Cold temperatures in winter lead to freeze-thaw weathering in cliffs
30
Coasts are often subjected to strong winds, _ the eroding power of the _, and heavy _ contributes to mass movement
Increasing Waves Rainfall
31
Frequent storms can damage coastal landforms like...
Spits
32
Beach _ can be removed from a section of _
Sediment | Coastline
33
How can sand dunes be removed
By storms
34
Where are prevailing winds from in the UK and what is the impact of this
South-west | This brings warm,moist air from the Atlantic anf requnet rainfall
35
Coastal erosion definition
The breaking down and removal of material along the coast
36
Coastal retreat definition
when coastl erosion causes the coastline to move further inland
37
How are cliffs shaped
Through weathering and erosion
38
When is a cave formed
When the waves erode a weakness in the rock such as a joint or a fault
39
When is an arch formed
When two caves erode back from either side of a headland and meet in the middle
40
When is a stack formed
When an arch collapses
41
How are wave-cut platforms formed
The erosion of cliffs can create wave-cut platforms- areas of flat rock at thte of the cliff
42
What is a spit
Narrow beaches of sand or shingle that are attached to the land at one end. They extend across a bay or estuary or where the coastline changes direction. They are formed by longshore drift powered by a strong prevailing wind
43
What is an adantage of having of a sea wall
Protects cliffs and buildings
44
What is a disadvantage of a sea wall
Expensive-£5000-£10 000/m
45
What are advantages of groynes
Prevent sea removing sand | Cheaper-£200/m of timber
46
What are disadvantages of groynes
Exposes other coastal areas
47
What are advantages of rip rap
- Rocks absorb wave energy | - Cheaper-£1000-£3000/m
48
What are advantages of beach replenishmnet
- Sand reduces wave energy - Maintains tourism - Cheaper- £2000/m
49
What are advantages of offshore reef
Waves break on reeft and lose power
50
What are disadvantages of offshore reef
- May interfere with fishing | - More expensive-£5000/m
51
What are groynes
Wooden or rock structures built along the beach at right angles
52
What is beach nourishment (recharge)
Sand or shingle is added to a beach to make it higher or wider
53
What is sand dune regeneration
Grasses, bushes and trees are planted to stabilise dunes
54
What is a sea wall
Concrete walls, about 3-5 meters high, built at the foot of cliffs or the top of a beach; sometimes curved to reflect the waves back out to sea
55
What is rip rap (rock armour)
Large boulder puled out at the foot of the cliff or the top of a beach
56
Define Fetch
This is the distance of open water which the wind has been blowing the longer the fetch, the more powerful the wave

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