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Coastal Landscapes Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

Rocks carried along a wave wear down coastline

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2
Q

What is attrition?

A

rocks carried by river smash together and break into smaller,smoother and rounded particles

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3
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

where pockets of air in cracks pressure causes crack to widen breaking off rock

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4
Q

what is saltation?

A

hopping movement of pebbles along a sea bed

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5
Q

what is solution?

A

the dissolving of rocks such as chalk

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6
Q

what is suspension?

A

small particles carried in sea water

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7
Q

what is traction?

A

heavy particles rolled along sea bed

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8
Q

what is beach nourishment

A

adding new material to beach artificially through dining large amounts of sand

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9
Q

what is coastal realignment

A

establishment of new coastland as a managed,retreat allows flooding over low lying land eg protect settlements

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10
Q

what is concordant coastline?

A

straight coastline with a single rock running parallel

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11
Q

what is a constructive wave?

A

powerful wave with strong awash surging up beach

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12
Q

what is destructive waves?

A

waves formed by local storm that crashes onto a beach with a powerful backwash

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13
Q

What is a discordant coastline?

A

an indented coastline made up of headlands and bays

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14
Q

what is biological weathering?

A

caused by flora and fauna when plant roots grow into cracks or animals burrow into rocks

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15
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

the decomposition of rocks caused by chemical change

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16
Q

freeze thaw weathering?

A

repeated cycles of freezing and thawing that makes cracks in rock bigger

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17
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

transport of sediment along a stretch of coastline caused by waves approaching beach at an angle

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18
Q

What is marram grass?

A

type of grass adapted to windy conditions and is used in coastal management

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19
Q

what is adaptation?

A

actions to adjust to natural events reduce damage and limit impact to cope with consequences

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20
Q

what is erosion?

A

wearing away and removal of material by a moving force

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21
Q

what is weathering?

A

deterioration of rocks,soils and minerals through contact with water,gases and biological organisms

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22
Q

what is the fetch?

A

distance of open water over which the wind can blow

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23
Q

what is mass movement?

A

downhill movement of weathered material under gravity

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24
Q

what is deposition?

A

when material transported is dropped due to sea losing energy

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25
what is transportation
movement of eroded material
26
what is the trough?
base of a wave
27
what is wave height?
vertical distance from trough to crest
28
what is wave frequency?
number of waves breaking per minute
29
what is wave length?
horizontal distance between two crests
30
what is the crest?
top of the wave
31
How are waves formed?
1. waves start and have circular orbit 2. as waves approach shore friction slows wave 3. causes the orbit to become elliptical until top of wave breaks over 4.water swashes up beach 5. water from previous wave returns to sea as backwash 6. Sea bed is rough and acts as a source of friction
32
what are features of constructive waves?
weak backwash build up the beach long wave length low-frequency 8-10 strong swash have little energy
33
what are features of destructive waves?
short wave length high frequency 10-14 removal of sands and pebbles from beach weak swash as little material is left behind on beach lots of energy drag material away from beach strong backwash as they have energy left
34
what is rotational slip
saturated soil and weak rock slump curved surfaces
35
what is rockfall?
fragments of rock break away from cliff often due to freeze thaw weatherinf
36
what is mudflow
saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope
37
what is landslides
blocks of rock slide downhill after being detached
38
what is a headland?
cliff that juts out into sea and surrounded by water in three sides composed of hard rock such as granite
39
what is a bay?
crescent shaped indentation in coastline found between two headlands.It usually has a beach and comprised of soft rock such as sand and clay.
40
What is the process at discordant coastlines?
1. headlands and bays at discordant coastlines where waves (hydraulic and abrasion) cause cliff to retreat 2. tougher more resistant rock such as granite erodes slowly so they stick out. 3. walker rock such as clay erode easily to form bays which are sheltered so deposition happens and beaches form.
41
what is a wave cut platform?
an area of bedrock visible at base of cliffs.slops to the sea at a gentle angle and is only visible at low tide.
42
features of high tide wave cut platform
water covers lots of rock
43
features of a low tide wave cut platform
exposed rock bare rock abrasion and attrition gentle sloping coastline
44
formation of a wave cut platform
1. Sea attacks base of cliff 2. Wave cut notch formed by abrasion and hydraulic action 3.As notch increases cliff becomes unstable retreating cliff face 4. Backwash carries away eroded material forming a wave cut plat 5. Process continues causing cliff to retreat
45
What is a headland?
A section of land jutting out to the sea Made of hard rocks that have lines of weakness
46
Formation of sea stumps
1. Lines of weakness(cracks) widened through erosion 2. As waves grind against crack it begins to form a cave 3. The cave becomes larger and breaks through headland to form an arch 4.Base of arch continues getting eroded till roof is to heavy so it collapses forming a stack 5. Stack is undercut until it forms a stump
47
What can also contribute to forming of sea stumps?
Weathering
48
Effects of longshore drift
1. Narrow beach as sand moves along 2. Higher risk of erosion waves have more energy due to less sand 3. Wider beach as sediment transported to other side 4. Other side has lower risk of erosion
49
What is a spit?
a narrow beach of sand attached to land at one end. Extend across a bay or estuary where coastlines change directions and they are formed by longshore drift
50
What is a lagoon?
Shallow water protected from a larger body of water by sandbars or coral reefs
51
What is a salt marsh?
Coastal wetlands which are flooded and drained by tides. They are marshy because of deep mud
52
How are spits formed ?
1. Sediment carried by longshore drift 2. Where change in shape of coastline deposition occurs 3. A hook end can form if they is a change in wind direction 4. Waves can’t get past a spit so silts deposited to form salt marshes
53
What is a beach bar?
A spit that has grown across a bay
54
What are features of a sandy beach:
Flat gradient Constructive waves Does not stretch far inland Sand dunes Ridges and runnels can form on this beach
55
What are features of a pebble beach?
Steep Gradient Destructive waves stretch far inland storm beach with large pebbles pebbles can increase in size at back of beach
56
What is a leeward slope?
The slope that faces away from the wind
57
What is the water table?
Upper horizontal limit of wet sand
58
What is the dune slack?
Where there is a trough or low point in line of dunes
59
What is an embryo dune?
A newly formed sand dune closest to the sea
60
What is the windward slope?
Slope that faces the wind
61
What is the sand dune order(beginning to end)
Embryo dune>Fore dune>Yellow dune>Grey dune>Dune slack>Mature dune
62
What are features of beach profile (beginning to end)
Ridge>Runnel>Ripples>Beach cups>Berm>Storm
63
What is the ridge?
A wave swept or wave deposited ridge running parallel to a shoreline
64
What is a runnel?
Water filled trough during high tide
65
What are ripples?
Slight waves in the sea?
66
What is a berm?
terrace of beach that forms in the backshore
67
What is coastal management?
Strategies to stop or slow down erosion at a coastline from rising sea levels
68
What is rock armour?
massive boulders of hard rock big enough not to be moved by waves.Arrangement to sea deflects waves energy and water is released in between gaps so reduces waves energy
69
What are sea walls?
curved face throws wave back to sea slowing down the next wave so less erosion occurs
70
What are groynes?
Large wood that traps sediment transported by longshore drift and building up beach at that area
71
What are Gabions?
Steel wire mesh cages filled with rock. When water enters it’s absorbed reducing wave energy.
72
What is sand dune protection?
Artificial sand dunes or restoration of others to create physical barrier between sea and land
73
Where is the Holderness coast and why does it erode?
North east coast of England Made up of soft boulder and clay
74
Groynes at holderness:
Location:Hornsea Cost:5.2 million Downfall: Caused erosion at Mappleton as sand is no longer carried by longshore drift
75
Beach Nourishment at holderness:
Location:Mappleton Cost:2.1 million Downfall: Protection began to fail and cliffs slumped causing erosion to increase
76
Sea walk at Holderness:
Location: Hornsea Cost: 6.4 million Downfall: Caused erosion at Mappleton as powerful waves moves along the coast
77
Rock armour at Holderness:
Location: Withernsea Cost:6.4 Million Downfall: Reduced access to beach and increased wave noise

Geography (3 decks)

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