Urban Issues and Challenges

Question 1

What is a green space?

Answer 1

Unbuilt area that provides a natural recreational as well as habitat for life

Question 2

What is integrated transport?

Answer 2

different forms of transport linked together

Question 3

What is an Enterprise zone?

Answer 3

scheme supported by government to encourage

Question 4

What is Gentrification?

Answer 4

decaying area is modernised but cost of living increases and inhabitants forced out.

Question 5

What is the green belt?

Answer 5

area around countryside which doesn’t allow houses to be built

Question 6

What is rural-urban fringe?

Answer 6

zone of transition between built up area and countryside

Question 7

What is Urban regeneration ?

Answer 7

reverse urban decline by redeveloping to improve local economy.

Question 8

What is Urban sprawl?

Answer 8

unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding rural areas

Question 9

What is a squatter settlement?

Answer 9

area of poor quality housing lacking in sewage and electricity-Favelas

Question 10

What is formal economy?

Answer 10

type of employment where people receive regular wage and pay tax

Question 11

What is informal economy?

Answer 11

employment outside official knowledge of government

Question 12

What is natural increase?

Answer 12

birth rate minus the death rate of a population

Question 13

What is dereliction?

Answer 13

abandoned buildings and wasteland

Question 14

How many people live in urban cities?

Answer 14

56 percent of worlds population but by 2050 expected to be 70 percent of people

Question 15

Where are the highest rates of urbanisation?

Answer 15

Asia and Africa due to rural-urban migration.

Question 16

Where are the lowest rates of urbanisation?

Answer 16

HICs such as North America and Oceania as majority of population already live there.

Question 17

What is an exception to lower rates of urbanisation?

Answer 17

South America as NEEs like Brazil urbanisation has slowed down although they are not among richer countries

Question 18

urbanisation rates in Hics?

Answer 18

Most growth took place in HICs in industrial revolution and counter and reurbanisation

Question 19

Why are rates of urbanisation different?

Answer 19

Lics and Nees recently had urban growth so due to rapid growth not enough housing which leads to creation of shanty towns.

Question 20

Where is Rio found?

Answer 20

South east coast of Brazil 600km away from Brasilia.
North of Tropic of Capricorn at 22.9 degrees.
Largest country in South America north east of Paraguay and South of Venezuela

Question 21

What is the growth of rios population?

Answer 21

In 1990 was 5.5 million and in 2022 it went to 6.6 million.

Question 22

How has urban growth created challenges in Rio socially?

Answer 22

12% of Rios population don’t have running water.
Gangs control Favelas
Unemployment rates in favela over 20%
Traffic congestion most congested city in South America.
Only 55% of local have family clinic

Question 23

What are economic challenges created by Urban growth in Rio?

Answer 23

Richest 1% pop earn 12% of total income and Poorest 50% only earn 13%.
Unemployment rates in favelas over 20% and many work in informal economy.
Informal jobs are poorly paid no contracts and don’t pay tax.

Question 24

What are Environmental Challenges created by Urban growth in Rio?

Answer 24

Traffic jams cause air smog.
Air pollution causes 5000 deaths per year.
More people and industries have caused sewage and chemical pollution of bay.

Question 24

How are urban challenges being resolved in Rio?

Answer 24

Health care medical staff take up medical kits up to favelas in Santa Marta. 1994-2014 over 300km of pipe built so by 2014 95% of favelas had main water supply. Electricity supply of Rio has been installed by adding 60km of power lines increasing supplies of electricity by 3o%.

Question 25

How has Urban growth created opportunities socially?

Answer 25

Ethnic and cultural diversity. Football is national in Brazil so major events.

Question 25

How has Rio has Urban growth created opportunities for Rio economically?

Answer 25

Rio has lots of universities. Growth of Rios industrial areas has boosted cities economy and improved transport and services. Oil refining industries in demand. Tourism leads to visitors spending lots of money in Rio.

Question 25

How has Urban growth created opportunities in Rio Environmentally?

Answer 25

Tijuca National Park and White Rose forest two largest urban forests in the world.

Question 26

What is the Bairro project?

Answer 26

64 million project of a cable cart where times travelling into city reduced from 2 hours to 16 minutes.

Question 27

How many people in Rochina work in the city?

Answer 27

90 % of people

Question 28

How was Rochina pacified?

Answer 28

Police force went in with 17 arm tanks and 700 police to take control

Question 29

What are issues with the Cable cart?

Answer 29

since 2016 facilities have closed down due to technical difficulties

Question 30

What are issues with Rochina being a pacified favela?

Answer 30

Police paid poor salaries so can be corrupted. Gang presence remains in Favelas supposed to be pacified

Question 31

What are health issues in Rio favelas?

Answer 31

1.5 million live in overcrowded spaces led to Brazil having second highest number of Covid cases. Life expectancy is 58 years old. 98.1 percent have access to water but swage flows down middle of houses leading to cholera and dysentery.