Coastal landscapes and change

Question 1

name 4 inputs to coastal systems?

Answer 1

• people
• land
• atmosphere
• marine

Question 2

what 4 things affect wave size?

Answer 2

• fetch
• windspeed
• time
• prevailing wind direction

Question 3

name 5 processes in the coastal system?

Answer 3

• erosion
• weathering
• mass movement
• deposition
• transport

Question 4

name 3 outputs of the coastal system?

Answer 4

• erosional landforms
• depositional landforms
• coast type

Question 5

what is a sediment cell?

Answer 5

self contained stretch of coastline

Question 6

what 2 things can remove sediment cells?

Answer 6

• storms
• humans

Question 7

what 4 thing can be used to classify a coast?

Answer 7

• geology
• energy levels
• erosion to deposition balance
• sea level changes

Question 8

name 3 features of high energy coastlines?

Answer 8

• rocky
• high ROE
• erosional landforms

Question 9

name 3 features of low energy coastlines?

Answer 9

• long sandy beach
• high ROD
• depositional landfeorms

Question 10

what is a concordant coast?

Answer 10

parallel bands of rock to the coast

Question 11

what is a discordant coast?

Answer 11

varying perpendicular bands of rock

Question 12

what is a submergent coast?

Answer 12

• formed due to flooding
• type of concordant coast

Question 13

what is a emergent coast?

Answer 13

coastline formed when sea llevel changes or by tectonic plates

Question 14

what is a haff coast?

Answer 14

long shallow lagoon separated from the sea by bar

Question 15

what are the 3 types of coastal vegetation environment?

Answer 15

• coastal sand dune
• coastal salt marsh
• coastal mangrove swamp

Question 16

what is a halophyte?

Answer 16

plant that tolerates salt water

Question 17

what is a xerophyte?

Answer 17

plant that tolerates dry conditions

Question 18

what is plant succession?

Answer 18

changing structure of a plant community over time

Question 19

what is a pioneer species?

Answer 19

first plants in an area

Question 20

what is a psammosere?

Answer 20

plants succession in sand dunes

Question 21

name the 2 mobile dunes?

Answer 21

• embryo and fore dunes
• yellow dunes

Question 22

name the 2 fixed dunes?

Answer 22

• grey dunes
• dune slacks

Question 23

name 3 vegetation characteristics in embryo and fore dunes?

Answer 23

• low to ground
• waxy leaves
• deep roots

Question 24

name 3 vegetation characteristics in yellow dunes?

Answer 24

• long roots
• salt water resistant
• inrolled leaves

Question 25

name 2 vegetation characteristics in grey dunes?

Answer 25

- high diversity - sparse grass

Question 26

name 1 vegetation characteristic in dune slacks?

Answer 26

moisture loving plants

Question 27

name a dune characteristic in embryo and fore dunes?

Answer 27

strong wind

Question 28

name a dune characteristic in yellow dunes?

Answer 28

soil is slightly water retentive

Question 29

name 2 dune characteristics in grey dunes?

Answer 29

- lower PH - no sand

Question 30

name 2 dune characteristics in dune slacks?

Answer 30

- acidic soil - high water levels

Question 31

what is isostatic change?

Answer 31

changes in land levels

Question 32

what is eustatic change?

Answer 32

sea level changes

Question 33

name 2 reasons for eustatic rise?

Answer 33

- melting glaciers - thermal expansion

Question 34

name 2 features of eustatic change?

Answer 34

- quick - global

Question 35

name 2 feature of isostatic change?

Answer 35

- local - slow

Question 36

name a reason for eustatic fall?

Answer 36

- sea water is stored as ice

Question 37

name a reason for isostatic rise?

Answer 37

glacial melt makes land lighter

Question 38

name 2 reasons for isostatic fall?

Answer 38

- glacial build up - sediment deposition

Question 39

what is marine transgression?

Answer 39

coastal floods causing submergent coasts

Question 40

what is marine regression?

Answer 40

sea level drops causing emergent coasts

Question 41

name 2 different emergent coast landforms?

Answer 41

- raised beaches - fossil cliffs

Question 42

name 3 different submergent coast landforms?

Answer 42

- rias - fjords - dalmation coasts

Question 43

what is a raised beach?

Answer 43

flat beach above the sea

Question 44

what is a fossil cliff?

Answer 44

where raised beaches seperate cliffs from the sea

Question 45

what is a rias?

Answer 45

drowned river valley

Question 46

what is a fjord?

Answer 46

long, deep, narrow body of water that reaches far inland

Question 47

what is a dalmation coast?

Answer 47

series of elongated islands created by parallel valleys

Question 48

what is land subsidence?

Answer 48

removing water causes land to sink

Question 49

what is a storm surge?

Answer 49

change in sea level due to cyclones

Question 50

what is a typhoon?

Answer 50

tropical storm that forms over the pacific

Question 51

what is a hurricane?

Answer 51

tropical storm that forms over the atlantic

Question 52

what is a cyclone?

Answer 52

tropical storm that forms over the Indian ocean

Question 53

what coastal management strategies do developing countries implement?

Answer 53

adaptation

Question 54

what coastal management strategies do developed countries implement?

Answer 54

mitigation

Question 55

what is hard engineering?

Answer 55

building structures along the coast

Question 56

what is soft engineering?

Answer 56

working with natural processes to protect the coast

Question 57

name 4 hard engineering coastal strategies?

Answer 57

- groins - sea wall - offshore reef - rock armour - revetments

Question 58

whats the price of groins?

Answer 58

5-10k for 200m

Question 59

whats the price of sea wall?

Answer 59

6k per metre

Question 60

whats the price of offshore reefs?

Answer 60

100-300k for 100m

Question 61

whats the price of riprap?

Answer 61

100-300k for 100m

Question 62

whats the price of revetments?

Answer 62

4500 per metre

Question 63

name 4 soft engineering coastal management strategies?

Answer 63

- beach nourishment - salt marsh creation - dune stabilisation - cliff reprofiling and drainage

Question 64

what does managing the wider coastal zone involve?

Answer 64

- managing natural resources - managing flood and erosion risks - educating communities - adapting to rising sea levels

Question 65

whats the ICZM?

Answer 65

integrated coastal management zone

Question 66

what does the ICZM consider?

Answer 66

- economic + social - environment - protecting the coast

Question 67

what is SMP?

Answer 67

shoreline management plan

Question 68

name 4 SMP options?

Answer 68

- hold the line - advance the line - managed retreat - no active intervention

Question 69

what does a hazard profile do?

Answer 69

shows main characteristics for different tectonic hazards