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A-level Geography > Coastal landscapes and change > Flashcards

Coastal landscapes and change Flashcards

1
Q

name 4 inputs to coastal systems?

A
  • people
  • land
  • atmosphere
  • marine
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2
Q

what 4 things affect wave size?

A
  • fetch
  • windspeed
  • time
  • prevailing wind direction
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3
Q

name 5 processes in the coastal system?

A
  • erosion
  • weathering
  • mass movement
  • deposition
  • transport
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4
Q

name 3 outputs of the coastal system?

A
  • erosional landforms
  • depositional landforms
  • coast type
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5
Q

what is a sediment cell?

A

self contained stretch of coastline

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6
Q

what 2 things can remove sediment cells?

A
  • storms
  • humans
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7
Q

what 4 thing can be used to classify a coast?

A
  • geology
  • energy levels
  • erosion to deposition balance
  • sea level changes
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8
Q

name 3 features of high energy coastlines?

A
  • rocky
  • high ROE
  • erosional landforms
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9
Q

name 3 features of low energy coastlines?

A
  • long sandy beach
  • high ROD
  • depositional landfeorms
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10
Q

what is a concordant coast?

A

parallel bands of rock to the coast

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11
Q

what is a discordant coast?

A

varying perpendicular bands of rock

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12
Q

what is a submergent coast?

A
  • formed due to flooding
  • type of concordant coast
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13
Q

what is a emergent coast?

A

coastline formed when sea llevel changes or by tectonic plates

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14
Q

what is a haff coast?

A

long shallow lagoon separated from the sea by bar

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of coastal vegetation environment?

A
  • coastal sand dune
  • coastal salt marsh
  • coastal mangrove swamp
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16
Q

what is a halophyte?

A

plant that tolerates salt water

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17
Q

what is a xerophyte?

A

plant that tolerates dry conditions

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18
Q

what is plant succession?

A

changing structure of a plant community over time

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19
Q

what is a pioneer species?

A

first plants in an area

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20
Q

what is a psammosere?

A

plants succession in sand dunes

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21
Q

name the 2 mobile dunes?

A
  • embryo and fore dunes
  • yellow dunes
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22
Q

name the 2 fixed dunes?

A
  • grey dunes
  • dune slacks
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23
Q

name 3 vegetation characteristics in embryo and fore dunes?

A
  • low to ground
  • waxy leaves
  • deep roots
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24
Q

name 3 vegetation characteristics in yellow dunes?

A
  • long roots
  • salt water resistant
  • inrolled leaves
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25
Q

name 2 vegetation characteristics in grey dunes?

A
  • high diversity
  • sparse grass
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26
Q

name 1 vegetation characteristic in dune slacks?

A

moisture loving plants

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27
Q

name a dune characteristic in embryo and fore dunes?

A

strong wind

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28
Q

name a dune characteristic in yellow dunes?

A

soil is slightly water retentive

29
Q

name 2 dune characteristics in grey dunes?

A
  • lower PH
  • no sand
30
Q

name 2 dune characteristics in dune slacks?

A
  • acidic soil
  • high water levels
31
Q

what is isostatic change?

A

changes in land levels

32
Q

what is eustatic change?

A

sea level changes

33
Q

name 2 reasons for eustatic rise?

A
  • melting glaciers
  • thermal expansion
34
Q

name 2 features of eustatic change?

A
  • quick
  • global
35
Q

name 2 feature of isostatic change?

A
  • local
  • slow
36
Q

name a reason for eustatic fall?

A
  • sea water is stored as ice
37
Q

name a reason for isostatic rise?

A

glacial melt makes land lighter

38
Q

name 2 reasons for isostatic fall?

A
  • glacial build up
  • sediment deposition
39
Q

what is marine transgression?

A

coastal floods causing submergent coasts

40
Q

what is marine regression?

A

sea level drops causing emergent coasts

41
Q

name 2 different emergent coast landforms?

A
  • raised beaches
  • fossil cliffs
42
Q

name 3 different submergent coast landforms?

A
  • rias
  • fjords
  • dalmation coasts
43
Q

what is a raised beach?

A

flat beach above the sea

44
Q

what is a fossil cliff?

A

where raised beaches seperate cliffs from the sea

45
Q

what is a rias?

A

drowned river valley

46
Q

what is a fjord?

A

long, deep, narrow body of water that reaches far inland

47
Q

what is a dalmation coast?

A

series of elongated islands created by parallel valleys

48
Q

what is land subsidence?

A

removing water causes land to sink

49
Q

what is a storm surge?

A

change in sea level due to cyclones

50
Q

what is a typhoon?

A

tropical storm that forms over the pacific

51
Q

what is a hurricane?

A

tropical storm that forms over the atlantic

52
Q

what is a cyclone?

A

tropical storm that forms over the Indian ocean

53
Q

what coastal management strategies do developing countries implement?

A

adaptation

54
Q

what coastal management strategies do developed countries implement?

A

mitigation

55
Q

what is hard engineering?

A

building structures along the coast

56
Q

what is soft engineering?

A

working with natural processes to protect the coast

57
Q

name 4 hard engineering coastal strategies?

A
  • groins
  • sea wall
  • offshore reef
  • rock armour
  • revetments
58
Q

whats the price of groins?

A

5-10k for 200m

59
Q

whats the price of sea wall?

A

6k per metre

60
Q

whats the price of offshore reefs?

A

100-300k for 100m

61
Q

whats the price of riprap?

A

100-300k for 100m

62
Q

whats the price of revetments?

A

4500 per metre

63
Q

name 4 soft engineering coastal management strategies?

A
  • beach nourishment
  • salt marsh creation
  • dune stabilisation
  • cliff reprofiling and drainage
64
Q

what does managing the wider coastal zone involve?

A
  • managing natural resources
  • managing flood and erosion risks
  • educating communities
  • adapting to rising sea levels
65
Q

whats the ICZM?

A

integrated coastal management zone

66
Q

what does the ICZM consider?

A
  • economic + social
  • environment
  • protecting the coast
67
Q

what is SMP?

A

shoreline management plan

68
Q

name 4 SMP options?

A
  • hold the line
  • advance the line
  • managed retreat
  • no active intervention
69
Q

what does a hazard profile do?

A

shows main characteristics for different tectonic hazards

A-level Geography (4 decks)

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