Tectonic processes and Hazards Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 3 types of earthquake wave?
A
- primary
- secondary
- love
2
Q
describe the features of a primary wave?
A
- pushes through the crust, mantle and core
- fastest wave
- travels through solids and liquids
- only damaging in powerful EQ’s
3
Q
describe the features of a secondary wave?
A
- shakes through the crust and mantle
- slower than p-waves
- travel through solids
- damaging
4
Q
describe the features of a love wave?
A
- vibrates side to side
- slowest wave
- most damaging
- large + focuse all energy on earths surface
5
Q
what are the 2 earthquake scales?
A
- moment magnitude scale
- mercalli intensity scale
6
Q
how is the mercalli scale measured?
A
measured by observations
7
Q
what eathquake scale is superior and why?
A
the moment magnitude scale, as its less subjective and theres no room for human error
8
Q
name the 4 plate tectonic theories?
A
- slab pull
- subduction
- seafloor spreading#
- mantle convection
9
Q
describe slab pull?
A
- newly formed oceanic crust becomes denser and thicker as it cools
- causing it to sink under the mantle under its own weight
- pulling down the rest of the plate
10
Q
describe subduction?
A
- 2 oceanic plates move towards eachother, 1 slide under into the mantle
- where it melts in the subduction zone
11
Q
describe seafloor spreading?
A
- magma is forced up, creating new oceanic crust
- new crust pushes tectonic plates
12
Q
what is a mid ocean ridge?
A
new ocean floor is created as tectonic plate move apart
13
Q
what is an intra-plate earthquake
A
earthquakes that occur in the middle or interior of plates
14
Q
name the 3 primary volcanic hazards?
A
- lava flow
- pyroclastic flow
- tephra + ash flows
15
Q
name 4 features of the montserrat volcanoe?
A
- 19 killed
- 1100 people evacuated
- pyroclastic flow
- lahars
16
Q
name 4 features of the nepal earthquake?
A
- landslides
- 7.8 magnitude
- 300 aftershocks
- 900 deaths
17
Q
name 3 features of the christchurch earthquake?
A
- liquefaction
- cars 20m underground
- 7.1 magnitude
18
Q
name 4 features of the boxing day tsunami ?
A
- 14 countries affected
- 272000 deaths
- 9.0 magnitude
- after shocks
19
Q
name 6 features of the haiti earthquake?
A
- 7.0 magnitude
- 14 billion economic cost
- 1 M homeless
- 300,000 deaths
- prison destroyed
- cholera outbreak in refugee camps
20
Q
name 3 features of the iceland volcano?
A
- jokulhaups
- disrupted global air travel
- 330 M cost to airline companies
21
Q
name 5 features of the sichuan china earthquake?
A
- 125 million economic cost
- 7.6 magnitude
- 1M homeless
- 87000 deaths
- 375000 injured
22
Q
name 4 features of the tohuku japan earthquake?
A
- 8.7 magnitude
- 225 billion economic costs
- tsunami
- 6000 deaths
- power plants destroyed, energy prices up
- 75% of infrastructure withstood
23
Q
what are the 2 parts of the upper mantle?
A
- lithosphere
- asthenosphere
24
Q
whats the lithosphere?
A
thin, solid layer layer where tectonic plates are formed
25
whats the asthenosphere?
semi molten layer, which tectonic plates lay on
26
whats the benioff zone?
area where plates make contact and friction occurs, causing earthquakes
27
what is paleomagnetism?
studying rocks formed by underwater volcanoes in relation to the earths magnetic field
28
what does the reversal of the earths magnetic field cause?
opposite direction magnetic signature on rock on the ocean floor
29
whats an island arc?
long chain of volcanoes along a convergent boundary
30
what causes intra-plate earthquakes?
weaknesses within the plate
30
31
whats a hotspot?
area of super heated magma in the mantle, magma plume melts earths crust and forms a volcanoe
32
what is a plate margin?
area either side of a plate boundary
33
name 2 primary impacts of earthquakes?
- groundshaking
- crustal fracturing
34
name 3 secondary effects of earthquakes?
- liquefaction
- tsunami
- avalanche/landslide
35
what is lava flow?
stream of hot lava
36
what is pyroclastic flow?
dangerous mix of lava and gases
37
what is tephra+ash falls?
when rock and ash is blasted into the air
38
what are lahars?
when ice melts and mixes with ash, causing a mudslide
39
what are jokulhlaups?
glacial outbursts due to heat
40
whats the VEI?
volcanic explosivity index
41
what is the calculation for risk?
risk = (hazard X vulnerability) / capacity to cope
42
name 4 reasons for an increase in reported natural disasters?
- improvements in monitoring and recording
- increasing population
- climate change
- more impermeable ground
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what are the 3 types of earthquake wave?
- primary
- secondary
- love
376
describe the features of a primary wave?
- pushes through the crust, mantle and core
- fastest wave
- travels through solids and liquids
- only damaging in powerful EQ's
377
describe the features of a secondary wave?
- shakes through the crust and mantle
- slower than p-waves
- travel through solids
- damaging
378
describe the features of a love wave?
- vibrates side to side
- slowest wave
- most damaging
- large + focuse all energy on earths surface
379
what are the 2 earthquake scales?
- moment magnitude scale
- mercalli intensity scale
380
how is the mercalli scale measured?
measured by observations
381
what eathquake scale is superior and why?
the moment magnitude scale, as its less subjective and theres no room for human error
382
name the 4 plate tectonic theories?
- slab pull
- subduction
- seafloor spreading#
- mantle convection
383
describe slab pull?
- newly formed oceanic crust becomes denser and thicker as it cools
- causing it to sink under the mantle under its own weight
- pulling down the rest of the plate
384
describe subduction?
- 2 oceanic plates move towards eachother, 1 slide under into the mantle
- where it melts in the subduction zone
385
describe seafloor spreading?
- magma is forced up, creating new oceanic crust
- new crust pushes tectonic plates
386
what is a mid ocean ridge?
new ocean floor is created as tectonic plate move apart
387
what is an intra-plate earthquake
earthquakes that occur in the middle or interior of plates
388
name the 3 primary volcanic hazards?
- lava flow
- pyroclastic flow
- tephra + ash flows
389
name 4 features of the montserrat volcanoe?
- 19 killed
- 1100 people evacuated
- pyroclastic flow
- lahars
390
name 4 features of the nepal earthquake?
- landslides
- 7.8 magnitude
- 300 aftershocks
- 900 deaths
391
name 3 features of the christchurch earthquake?
- liquefaction
- cars 20m underground
- 7.1 magnitude
392
name 4 features of the boxing day tsunami ?
- 14 countries affected
- 272000 deaths
- 9.0 magnitude
- after shocks
393
name 6 features of the haiti earthquake?
- 7.0 magnitude
- 14 billion economic cost
- 1 M homeless
- 300,000 deaths
- prison destroyed
- cholera outbreak in refugee camps
394
name 3 features of the iceland volcano?
- jokulhaups
- disrupted global air travel
- 330 M cost to airline companies
395
name 5 features of the sichuan china earthquake?
- 125 million economic cost
- 7.6 magnitude
- 1M homeless
- 87000 deaths
- 375000 injured
396
name 4 features of the tohuku japan earthquake?
- 8.7 magnitude
- 225 billion economic costs
- tsunami
- 6000 deaths
- power plants destroyed, energy prices up
- 75% of infrastructure withstood
397
what are the 2 parts of the upper mantle?
- lithosphere
- asthenosphere
398
whats the lithosphere?
thin, solid layer layer where tectonic plates are formed
399
whats the asthenosphere?
semi molten layer, which tectonic plates lay on
400
whats the benioff zone?
area where plates make contact and friction occurs, causing earthquakes
401
what is paleomagnetism?
studying rocks formed by underwater volcanoes in relation to the earths magnetic field
402
what does the reversal of the earths magnetic field cause?
opposite direction magnetic signature on rock on the ocean floor
403
whats an island arc?
long chain of volcanoes along a convergent boundary
404
what causes intra-plate earthquakes?
weaknesses within the plate
405
whats a hotspot?
area of super heated magma in the mantle, magma plume melts earths crust and forms a volcanoe
406
what is a plate margin?
area either side of a plate boundary
407
name 2 primary impacts of earthquakes?
- groundshaking
- crustal fracturing
408
name 3 secondary effects of earthquakes?
- liquefaction
- tsunami
- avalanche/landslide
409
what is lava flow?
stream of hot lava
410
what is pyroclastic flow?
dangerous mix of lava and gases
411
what is tephra+ash falls?
when rock and ash is blasted into the air
412
what are lahars?
when ice melts and mixes with ash, causing a mudslide
413
what are jokulhlaups?
glacial outbursts due to heat
414
whats the VEI?
volcanic explosivity index
415
what is the calculation for risk?
risk = (hazard X vulnerability) / capacity to cope
416
name 4 reasons for an increase in reported natural disasters?
- improvements in monitoring and recording
- increasing population
- climate change
- more impermeable ground
417
